CCESAREA
135
CJESARIUS
walls, bastions, and ditches are well preserved. The
ruins of the Roman city extend to a distance of about
four miles; they are the largest in Palestine, and are
used as a stone-quarry for Jaffa and Gaza, and even
for Jerusalem. < me sees there, crowded together, the
haven of Herod, restored by the crusaders, the
amphitheatre large enough to contain 20,000 specta-
tors, remains ol canals and aqueducts, a hippodrome
with a splendid obelisk of rose granite, colonnades,
ruins of temples and of at least two churches, and
other stupendous relics of past grea
Wilson. Lands of th, lUuh, 11. _\jO-.~iS; />e-r"
zplorationFund, Quart. St.!f. :n. <:t tsss., !.:.,/■ ;' i/. ■.„•:, . II, 13 19;
G\ i'kin. Samari . 1 1. .i-'l-39.
S. Yaii.hi':.
Caesarea Philippi, a Greek Catholic residential see. and a Latin titular see, in Syria. The native name is unknown; under Antioehus the Great it bore already the Greek name Panion owing to a grotto consecrated to Pan's worship. It was given (20 B. c.) by Augustus to Herod, w ho built there a magnificent temple in honour of the emperor. Soon after, the tetrarch Philip embellished it and dedicated it to his imperial protector Tiberius, whence its new name Ccesarea Philippi or Ccesarea Paneas. Near this city took place the confession of St. Peter (Matt., \\i, 13 J'ti. There lived the Haemorrholssa (Matt., ix, 20 1; according to Eusebius she set up before her house a bronze monument representing her cure by Jesus; in this group Julian the Apostate substituted his own statue for that of ( Ihrist.
Caesarea was at an early date a suffragan of Tyre in Phoenicia Prima. Five bishops (to 451) are men- tioned by Lequien ill 831 , the first of whom. St. Erastua (Pom., xvi, 23), is obviously legendary. After the town's capture by the crusaders (about 1 132 i a Latin see was established there; four titulars are mentioned in Lequien -(II, 1337); they must not be confounded with those of Pallium, another see in Thracia. The modern name is Banias, a little village on a pleasing site, 990 feet above the level of thi
I loot ol Mount Ilerinon. and forty-five miles south-west of 1 lamascus, capital of the vilayet. The landscape is splendid, and the country very fertile, owing to tlie abundance oi water. ( Ine of the main sources of the Jordan rises in the grotto of Pan, now partly blocked up ami serving as a cattle shed. Among the ruins are many columns, capitals, sar- cophagi, and a gate. The ancient church of St. George serves as a mosque. The citadel is partly preserved and is considered the most beautiful medie- val ruin in Syria. Since 1886 Banias has been the sec of a Greek Catholic i Melchite bishop, with about 4000 faithful and 20 priests. Its first titular. Mon- eur I .eraigiry. built a number of churches and 26 school,; the residence of the bishop is near Bania I at i Margvoum.
Wilson, Lands of the Bible, II. 175 «.i ; Thomson, Tht Land and the Hook. 22 I 'i GaliUe, II, 31
S \ ULHK.
Caesarius, Rule op Saint. See C-esarius op Arles, Saint
Caesarius of Aries, Sunt, bishop, administrator, preacher, theologian, b. at Chalons in Burgundy, 470 71 . d. at Aries, 27 August , 5 1 '!. according to Malnory. He entered the monastery of Lerins when quite young, bin bis health giving way the abbot sent him to Aries ii ordet to recuperate. Here he won the affection and esteem of the bishop, /Eonus, who had hi dained deacon and priest. < In t be death ol t hi- bishop I a- -mi i.- was unanimously chosen his si a (602 or 503). lie ruled the See of Aries lor forty
years with aDOStolic courage and prudence, and
out in the history of thai unhappy period as the tore
mot bishop (jf Gaul. His episcopal city, near the
mouth of the Rhone and close to Marseilles, retained
yet its ancient importance in the social, commercial,
and industrial life of Gaul, and the Mediterranean
world generally; as a political centre, moreover, it
was subject to all the vicissitudes that in the early
decades of the sixth century fell to the lot of Visigoth
and Ostrogoth, Burgundian and Frank. Eventually
(538) the latter, under King Childebert, obtained full
sway in ancient t laid. During the long conflict, how-
ever, Caesarius was more than once the object of bar-
1 1 uiaii suspicion. Under Alaric II he was accused of
a treasonable intention to deliver the city to the Bur-
gundians, and without examination or trial was exiled
to Bordeaux. Soon, however, the Visigoth king re-
lented, and left Caesarius free to summon the impor-
tant Council of Agile (506), while in harmonious co-
operation with the Catholic hierarchy ami clergy
he himself published the famous adaptation of the
Roman Law known as the"Breviarium Alarici", which
eventually became the civil code of Gaul. Again in
..ns. after the siege of Aries, the victorious Ostrogoths
suspected Caesarius of having plotted to deliver the
city to the besieging Franks and Burgiindians. and
caused him to be temporarily deponed. Finally, in
513, he was compelled to appear at Ravenna before
King Theodoric, who was, however, profoundly im-
pressed by Caesarius, exculpated him, and treated the
holy bishop with much distinction. The latter prof-
ited by the occasion to visit Pope Symmachus at
Rome. The pope conferred on him the pallium, said
to be the first occasion on which it was granted to
any Western bishop. He also granted to the clergy
of Aries the use of the dalmatic, peculiar to the Roman
clergy, confirmed him as metropolitan, and renewed
for him personally (1 1 June, 514 ) the dignity of Vicar
of the Apostolic See in Gaul, more or less regularly
held by his predecessors (see Vicar Apostolic; Thes-
salonica; Vienne), whereby the Apostolic See ob-
tained in Southern Gaul, still Roman in language,
temper, law. and social organization, an intelligent and
devoted co-operator who did much to confirm the
pontifical authority, not alone in his own province,
bul also throughout, the rest of Gaul. He utilized his
office of vicar to convoke the important series of coun-
cils forever connected with his name, presided over by
him. and whose decrees are, in part or entirely, his
own composition. These are five in number: Aries
(524), Carpentras (o27>. Orange (II) and Vaison
(529 I, and Marseilles (533), the latter called to judge
a bishop, Contumeliosus of Riez, a self-confessed adtil-
terer, but who managed later to obtain a reprieve
through Pope Agapetus, on the plea of irregular pro-
cedure, the final outcome of the case being unknown.
The other councils, whose text may be read in Clark's
translation of Eefele's "History of the Councils"
(Edinburgh, 1S76-96), are of primary importance for
the future religious and ecclesiastical life of the new
barbarian kingdoms of the West. Not a few im-
portant provisions were then made that were later
incorporated into the traditional or written law of
the Western Church, e. g. concerning the nature and
security of ecclesiastical property, the certainty of
support for the parochial clergy, the education of
ecclesiastics, simple and frequent preaching of the
Word of God, especially in country parishes, etc.
Caesarius had already drawn up a famous resume of
earlier canonical collections known to historians of
canon law as the "Statuta Kceleske Antiqua, by the
inadvertence of a medieval copyist wrongly attributed to the Fourth Council of (ai *1 ii mi i I is i, but by Mal- nory (below , 53-62, 291 93) proved to be the eompila
tion of Caesarius, after the Ballerini brothers had lo- cated them in the fifth century, and MaaSSerj hail
pointed out Aries as the place ot compilation. The
rich archives of the Church of \iies, long before this a centre of imperial administration in the West and of papal direction, permitted him to put together, on the border-line of the old and the new, this valuable
