CALIXTINES
183
CALLISTUS
(14 Dec, 1817); San Francisco Solano (4 July,
1823).
For Lower California: Torqt-kmada, Monarqula Indiana
(Madrid. 1723), 3 vols; 1>iaz, Historia I', rilailera (Madrid,
1632); Vetancort, Crimea (Mexico, 1697); Mbndieta, Historia Ec. ca Indiana (Mexico, 1870); Tello, ' (Guadalajara, 1891); Venegas, Nolicia de la California
i Madrid, 1757), 3 vols.; Clayijero, Hisiuria de la California Hi-.iiii, 1S">2'; RiwiEBT. Sachnchtcn (Mannheim, 1772); Alegre, Historia (Mexico, 1K41). 3 vols.; Palou, Noticias do la Nueva California (San Francisco, 1 S 7 1 > . -1 vols.; Palou, Relaci in Hist irica, I ida del P Si pro (Mexico, 17S7i; California (IT. S. Land Office, San Francisco), 300 vols. In addition, for Upper California : cf. Santa Barbara Mission Archives, 2000 documents: Archives of the Archbishopric of San Francisco, S vols; H. H. Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco, 1886), 7 vols.; Knoei.haiuit. The M issions and Missionaries of California (San Francisco, 1908).
ZePHYRIN EiMGELHARDT.
Calixtines. See Hussites.
Calixtus. See Callistus.
Callieres, Louis-Hector de, thirteenth Governor of New France; b. at Cherbourg. France, 1646; d. 26 May, 1705. He was the son of Jacques de Callieres and Madeleine Potier de Courcy. He ranked as captain in the regiment of Navarre. He came to Canada in 16S4. and was appointed Governor of Montreal at the demand of the Sulpicians who were Seigneurs of the island. The situation of the colony at that time was most critical, owing to Frontenac's departure, the weakness of Governor de la Barre,and the woeful error of the French government in sending to the galleys in France some Iroquois chiefs captured at Cataracoui (Kingston). In 16S9 Callieres pro- posed to Louis XI Y to invade New England by land and sea, and obtained the reappointment of Frontenac as governor. In 1690 he marched to the defence of Quebec, when it was besieged by Phipps. A valiant and experienced soldier, he aided Frontenac in saving New France from the Iroquois and in raising the prestige of the French flag. He was one ni the lust in receive the Cross of St. Louis (1694). Having succeeded Frontenac in lli!)s, he devoted all his skill and energy to the pacification of the Indians. The treaty of Montreal (1701), agreed to by repre- sentatives of all the tribes, was the crowning re- sult of his efforts. This treaty is considered as Cal- lieres chief title to fame. That same year he sent Lamothe-Cad iliac to found Detroit. One of the most conspicuous figures in Canadian history, he left a reputation of disinterestedness, honour, and probity.
Garm vr. If, inn, ,l,i Canada (Montreal. 1SS2); Ferland. Court ,i ,11,1, ia (Quebec, 1S82); Stji/te, La famille
deCallirr.x (Montreal. 1890).
Lionel Lindsay. Calling. See Vocation.
Callinicus, a titular see of Asia Minor. The city was founded by Alexander the Great under the name of Nicephorium, and restored by Seleucus Callinicus, King of Syria (246 -'25 B. C.), who gave his name to it. In the fifth century of our era it was refortified by Emperor Leo I, after which it was commonly known to Byzantine geographers as Callinicus or Leontopolis. being mentioned by Hierocles and Georgius Cyprius among others. Two famous battles were fought on the broad surrounding plain, one in 531 between Belisarius and the Persians, the other in 583 between the Persians and Emperor Mauritius. Callinicus was a suffragan ol Edessa, the metropolis of Os- rhoene. Four bishops are mentioned by Lequien (II. 696); Paul, deposed in 519 as a Monophysite. translated into Syriac bo many Creek works that he is called by the Jacobites " the interpreter of books". The patriarch Michael the Syrian mentions twenty Jacobite bishops of Callinicus from the eighth to the thirteenth century 'P,evue de l'Orient Chretien, VI. 1901, 193). Eubel (I. 333, note 2) mentions a Latin titular in 1369. Callinicus is to-day Raqqah
(Rakka), nine miles west of the confluence of the
rivers Belik (Bilichus) and Euphrates, the centre of a
caza in the vilayet of Aleppo, the population consisting
chiefly of wandering tribes. It contains about 2600
houses or settled tents. On its rich plain are pas-
tured many camels and Arab thoroughbred horses,
but the vicinity is not very safe.
Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Geography (London, 1878), s. v Nicephorium, II, 424. '
S. Vailhe.
Callipolis, a titular see of Thrace, now called Gallipoli (Turkish, Gueliholou I, is a city in the south- ern part of the Thracian Chersonese, on the right shore, and at the entrance of the Dardanelles. Justinian fortified it and established there important military warehouses for com and wine. In 1304 it became the centre of that strange dominion created by the Almugavares, or Catalonian routiers, who burned it in 1307, before retiring to Cassandria. It was taken by the Turks as early as 1357, being their first possession in Europe. Callipolis was a bishopric depending on Heracleia. Lequien (I. 1123) men- tions only six Greek bishops, the first as being present at Ephesus in 431, when the see was united to that of Coela (Ccelia or Coele), the last about 1500. His list could easily be increased, for the Greek see still exists; it was raised in 1904 to the rank of a me- tropolis, without suffragans, after the manner of most Greek metropolitan sees. Lequien (III. 971) also gives the names of eight Latin bishops, from 1208 to 1518. (See Eubel, I, 269. note.) Gallipoli is to-day the chief town of a Kavmakamlik in the vilayet of Adrianoplc, with about 30,000 inhabitants, Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews. There are numerous schools and a small museum; a large ceme- tery is the resting place of many French soldiers who died of disease (chiefly cholera) during the Crimean War. The port is bad and trade unimportant, for want of roads. A ( latholic mission is conducted there by AsSumptionist Fathers; there are also a number of Armenian and Greek Catholics, with priests of their respective rites.
Drakos, ©piKuca (Athens, 1,892, with a list of the Greek bishops), 93-116.
S. Petrides.
Callistus I (written by most Latins, Augustine, Optatus, etc. Callixtcs or Calixtus), Pope, martyr, d. c. 223. His contemporary. Julius Africanus, gives the date of his accession as the first (or second?) year of Elagabalus, i. e., 218 or 219. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue agree in giving him five years of episcopate. His Acts are spurious, but he is the earliest pope found in the fourth-century "Depositio Martirum", and this is good evidence that he was really a martyr, although he lived in a time of peace under Alexander Severus, whose mother was a Chris- tian. We learn from the "Historia' Augusts" that a spot on which he had built an oratory was claimed by the tavern-keepers, popinarii, but the emperor decided that the worship of any god \\as better than a tavern. This is said to have been the origin of Sta. Maria in Trastevere. which was built . according to the Liberian catalogue, by Pope Julius, juxta Callistum. In fact the Church oi" St. ( 'allistu^ is close by, con- taining a well into which legend says his body was thrown, and this is probably the church he built, rather than the more famous basilica. He was buried in the cemetery of Calepodius on the Aurelian Way, and his anniversary is given by the " Depositio Marti- rum " (Callisti in n,i 1 //>-, /,'.; ,,,,/:,r ,,, f if \ and by the subsequent martyrologies on 14 October, on which day his feast is still kept. His relics were translated in the ninth century to Sta. Maria in Trastevere.
Our chief knowledge of this pope is from his bitter enemies. Tertullian and the antipope who wrote the "Philosophumena". no doubt Hippolytus. Their calumnies are probably based on facts. According to
