CANADA
240
CANADA
(St. Albert); Little Servants of the Poor (Montreal);
Servants of the Sacred Heart of Mary (Quebec);
Regular Canonesses of the Five Wounds of Our
Saviour (Ottawa, St. Boniface); Trappistines of Our
Lady of Good Counsel (Quebec); Sisters of "l'Es-
perance" (Montreal); Daughters of Jesus (Three
Rivers, Antigonish, Charlottetown, Chatham, St.
Albert, Rimouski); Servants of the Blessed Sacra-
ment (Chicoutimi) ; Sisters of Charity of St. Louis
(Quebec) ; Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa
(Quebec). All of these religious orders, whether
founded on Canadian soil or elsewhere (chiefly France),
are engaged in all works which call for zeal and de-
votedness. Nor is it education, prayer, and penance
only which have led many devout souls into the relig-
ious life, but charity also in all its forms: hospitals, or-
phanages, kindergartens, cribs, refuges, work-rooms,
hospices, asylums, housekeeping in colleges, find
at all times an army of willing servants and helpers.
(3) Universities and Colleges. — Higher education
is entirely in the hands of the clergy. (See table
below.) Besides the Laval University at Quebec
and Montreal, endowed with the four faculties,
Theology, Arts, Medicine, and Law. and having also
a scientific department at Montreal, mention should
be made of the University of Ottawa, opened and
conducted by the Oblate Fathers. Certain col-
leges, as that of Memramcook (N. B.) and St.
Francis Xavier's at Antigonish (N. S.), are known
as universities, which means that they can confer the
degree of Bachelor of Arts. The Jesuit Colleges of St.
Ignatius Loyola and St. Mary at Montreal are affil-
iated to Laval University, by which the degrees are
granted. Those of St. Boniface (Jesuit) and of St.
Michael (Basilian) are affiliated to neighbouring State
universities. In the Province of Quebec each college
conducted by secular priests forms a corporation. The
priests who constitute its staff receive from it their
board, lodging, and a modest stipend. If they give
up teaching the bishop assigns them a position in the
diocese, and they cease to belong to the corporation.
They may, however, remain in the college, rendering
such services as their years and health permit. Some
idea of the devoted zeal of the priests may be gath-
ered from the fact that for a long time their stipend
Classical Colleges of the Dominion
Name
Founded
Pupils
Seminary of Quebec
1665
560
College of Montreal
1767
350
College of Nicolet
1803
305
College of St. Hyacinthe
1809
320
College of St. Theresa (Diocese of Mon-
treal)
1825
350
College of the Assumption (Montreal)
1832
300
St. Anne de la Pocatiere (Quebec)
1829
300
College of Joliette
1846
330
College of St. Laurent (Montreal!
1847
500
College of Ste. Marie (Montreal i
IMS
400
College Bourget, at Kigaud (Valley-
field)
1850
310
College of Levis (Quebec)
1853
500
College of St. Dunstan (Charlotte-
town)
1855
150
College of Ste. Marie de Monnoir (St.
Hyacinthe)
1853
240
College of St. Francis Xavier (Antigo-
nish)
1 85 1
College of Three Rivers
IM',0
260
College of Rimouski
1867
150
College of ( Shicoutimi
L873
250
College of the Assumption (London 1
1870
College of St. Joseph, Memnurn k
(St. John. N !'•
1864
200
College of Sherbrooke
I •- , ;,
246
t 'ollegc of St . Anne 1 1 [aliiax lat ( Ihurcfa
Point
1891
College "f Valleyfield
1893
iso
College of Loyola i Montreal)
189"
160
College "f Sacred lb-art (Chatham).
' ' i raquet
1899
130
was only forty dollars a year, and at present it never
exceeds one hundred dollars. Religious do not re-
ceive any pecuniary compensation.
Other leading educational institutions are: College of St. Michael, Toronto, 1851, under the Basilian Fathers; of St. Jerome, Berlin (Hamilton), Fathers of the Resurrection; of St. Mary (Halifax), priests of the diocese; of St. Joseph, St. Boniface (18.55), Jes- uit Fathers; of St. Mary, Victoria (1903); of St. Al- bert, Oblate Fathers (1900). It may be added that in many colleges there is a course in theology, which is followed by seminarians, who act as disciplinarians in the college.
The four principal centres of theological studies in Canada are: the seminary (grand seminaire) at Mon- treal (1S40) and those ,.f Quebec, Ottawa, anil Halifax. The first three seminaries constitute the theological faculty of Laval University, and can con- fer any theological degree, even that of Doctor of Theology. The Seminary of Quebec has 150 students in theology; that of Montreal about 300. The former goes back to Bishop Laval; the latter was founded in 1S40 by the Sulpicians. It is attended by aspir- ants to the priesthood from more than forty dioceses of Canada and the United States, and has given more than thirty bishops to the Church of America. The Sulpicians have also founded a philosophical seminary which has 130 students, and have opened the Canadian College in Rome, to which the most in- telligent of the young clergy of the Dominion are sent. These two houses were the work of M. Colin (d. 1902), superior of Saint-Sulpice at Montreal, who asked his community for $400,000 to build them. The seminary of Ottawa is under the Oblate Fathers, and that of Halifax under the Eudists.
Primary instruction is given by religious and secu- lar teachers of both sexes. In the Province of Que- bec Catholic primary instruction is under the control of a committee composed of the bishops of the prov- ince and an equal number of Catholic laymen; the Protestant Committee exercises similar functions with regard to school matters in which Protestants are exclusively concerned. The two committees united form the Council of Public Instruction, which has charge of questions in which Catholics and Protest- ants are collectively concerned. The Superintendent of Education is president of this council ex officio. The control and regulation of primary education in the Quebec province is outside of politics. In that province the normal schools for the training of teach- ers are also in the hands of the clergy. In the prov- inces of Alberta and Saskatchewan (created in 1905), the Catholics in each school district have also the right of separate schools, i. e. they have the legal guaranteed right of separating from the majority, setting up a school district of their own, electing their own trustees, levying their own taxes, and of hiring their own teacher, a religious if they desire, but one who has undergone examination in the reg- ular way and received a licence from the Board of Education. The school thus constituted must kx conducted according to the regulations of the Board of Education, and be subject to Government inspec- tion. In the other provinces separate schools are not recognized by law, although in New Brunswick the Catholic schools are practically separate. In Mani- toba the school question has been regulated, though unsatisfactorily, by the Laurier-Greenway Compro- mise already mentioned. In the North-Wesl Terri- tories separate schools arc supported by 1 1 1 • ■ State,
Missions. — Some traces of the Indian missions of the seventeenth century still exist. In the ecclesias- tical province of Halifax are to be found several groups of Catholic Micmac ami Almaki; in the Dio- cese of Quebec, a Huron parish. Our Lady of Loreto; in that of Montreal, two Iroquois parishes, Caughna- waga (2060 Indians) and Oka, or the Lake of the
