CONSTANTINOPLE
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CONSTANTINOPLE
Cyzicus; the latter at Malgara and Daoudili in Thrace.
The Catholic Bulgarians have at Galata their arch-
bishop and one priest. The Catholic (ienrsjians are
few and arc subject to the Apostolic ilcli>i;ato; most
of them belong to the Latin or the .Vrmeiiian Rite.
The Catholics of the Latin Rite, as already staterl, are ruled by an Apostolic vicar. Though a titular arch- bishop he enjoys ordinary jurisdiction and since 1S68 is .\postolic delegate for the Catholics of Eastern Rites. He resides at Pancaldi and has there his pro- cathedral. His authority is not acknowledged by the Sublime Porte and he is obliged to use the French embassy in his relations with the Turkish Govern- nuiit. The limits of his vicariate are: in Europe the Vii-:iriate of Sofia, the Archdioceses of Uscub and Durazzo, and the Apostolic Delegation of Athens ; in Asia, the Diocese of Tiraspol, the Apostolic Delega- tions of Mesopotamia and Aleppo, and the Archbish- opric of Smvrna. The Latin Catholics subject to him must number (1908) between .30,000 and 35,000, about 22,000 of whom are at Constantinople. Other principal centres are, in Europe: Salonica, Gallipoli, Cavalla, Monastir, Rodosto, Dede-Aghatch, and Adrianople, with about 6000 souls; in Asia: Brusa, Ismid, Adampol, Zongoul-Dagh, Dardanelles, Eski- Shehir, Angora, Trebizond, Sarasoun, and Erzeroum with aboiit 3000 .souls. Most Latin Catholics are of foreign nationalities and come from Greece, Italy, France, Austria, etc.
Almost all the religious works of the Apostolic vi- cariate are conducted by religious orders or congrega- tions. The secular clergy counts only about ten members; they possess the two parishes of Pancaldi (pro-cathedral) and the Dardanelles. There are four- teen parishes (five principal) in Constantinople and ts suburbs. Outside the capital, the vicariate com- orises 7 other parishes and 23 missionary stations. There are .several seminaries, but none for the vicari- ite itself: a Greek preparatory seminary at Koum- Kapou (Stamboul), a Bulgarian preparatory semin- iry at Kara-.\ghatch (Adrianople), a Greek-Bulga- •ian theological seminary at Kadi-Keui, conducted jy the Assumptionists, with respectively 30, 35, and 10 pupils; the Eastern Seminary, preparatory and lu'dlogical, founded at Pera in 1889 by French Capu- 'hiiis for Latin and Eastern Rite pupils of every East- ■rn diocese, with 45 to 50 pupils; the preparatory >eraphic Seminary conducted since 1894 at >San Stef- ino by Austrian Capuchins, 30 pupils; a Bulgarian preparatory and theological seminary at Zeitenlik Salonica), conducted by the Lazarists, 58 pupils. I'iiglity elementary or middle schools are conducted ly the aforesaid religious congregations. There are '4 (.rimarv and boarding schools, for boys or girls, vith 1 1 , 41)0 inipils (7030 girls and 4.370 boys), 6 (prop- rlv <.. i:dliMl) colleges for boys with 1410 pupils and a 1' irial institute. Moreover, 600 male and fe- i|ihans are trained in 6 orphanages. A profe.s- -rliool has just been founded. More than half '■ .schools arc situated in Constantinople or its -:. Many of the pupils are not Catholics, and are MiLssulmans or Jews. There is at Feri- \>'u a large and beautiful cemetery.
Catholic Order.s and Congregations. — Orders 'I Men. — Augustinians of the .\ssumption, 13 resi- lences, 51 priests (including 6 of Greek and 6 of Slav lite), and 28 .students or lay brothers, 3 .seminaries, • parishes, 7 schools. French Capuchins, 2 residences, •9 monks (25 students and 10 lay brothers). 1 .semi- lary, 1 scholasticate, and the church of St. Louis, larish of the French embassy. Austrian Capuchins, I residence, with 1 pari.sh. 1 .seminarj' and 1 novitiate, 10 monks. Italian Capuchins, 3 residences, 8 priests. Hid 4 lay brothers. Conventuals, 6 residences, 5 jarishes, 2 1 priests, and 10 lay brothers. Franciscans, 1 residences, 2 parishefi, with 10 priests and 6 lay arothers. Dominicans, 3 residences, 1 parish, 9
priests, and 3 lay brothers. Georgian Benedictines of
the Immaculate Conception, 3 residences, 2 parishes
1 school, with 1 3 religious (2 priests of Georgian Rite).
Jesuits, () residences, 42 religious, about 20 priests, 9
schools. .Austrian Lazarists, 1 residence, 1 college,
12 religious. French Lazarists, 7 residences, 71 re-
ligious (5() priests), 2 colleges, 1 .seminary, several
schools, 1 parish. Greek Fathers of the Holy Trinity
of Pera, 3 residences, 6 priests, 3 schools. Polish
Resurrectionists, 3 residences, about 30 religious (12
priests, several of the Slav Rite), 1 college. Brothers
of the Christian Schools, 150 brothers, 10 residences,
1 college, 1 commercial and 10 elementary schools.
Brothers of Ploermel, 10 brothers, aiding the Assump-
tionists in their schools. Marist Brothers, 8 resi-
dences, 4 schools, 46 brothers, aid other religious
in 4 more schools. Italian Salesians of Dom Bosco,
1 technical school.
Orders of Women. — Carmelites, 6 nuns. Dominican Sisters of Mondovf, 2 schools, 14 nuns. Sisters of Charity, 17 establishments, 210 nuns; they conduct among others three Turkish hospitals, the Persian, French, Italian, and Austrian hospitals, 2 asylums, 7 orphanages, 13 schools. Franciscan Sisters of Calais, 1 residence, 10 sisters for care of sick people at home. Franciscan Sisters of Gemona (Italy), 4 residences, 30 sisters, 5 schools. Sisters of the Im- maculate Conception of Ivrea (Italy), 3 residences, .35 sisters, 1 hospital, 2 schools. Sisters of the Im- maculate Conception of Lourdes, 1 residence, 14 sisters, for the adoration of the Most Blessed Sacra- ment and care of sick people. Oblates of the Assump- tion, 8 residences, 94 sisters, 7 schools, 1 hospital, 1 novitiate for native girls. Oblates of the Assumption of Nimes, 15 sisters, 3 schools. Little Sisters of the Poor, 1 asylum, 16 sisters. Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition, 2 residences, 30 sisters, 2 schools. Sisteis of St. Joseph of Lyons, 3 residences, 39 sisters, 3 schools, 1 hospital. Sisters of Our Lady of Sion, 120 sisters, 2 residences, 2 boarding, and 2 elementary schools. Georgian Servants of Our Lady, 2 resi- dences, 2 schools, 15 sisters. Bulgarian Eucharistine Sisters, 5 residences with schools, 30 sisters. Resur- rectionist Sisters, 5 sisters, 1 school. Missionary Sis- ters of the Most Holy Heart of Mary, 8 sisters, 1 hospital. Most of these residences have dispensaries, with a physician, where remedies are supplied gratuitously to the poor. To the works of these congregations must be added pious works conducted by lay persons: St. Vincent de Paul Conferences (6 at Constantinople) ; the Sympnia, an association which conducts a school for Catholic Hellenes, with 90 pupils, various associations and brotherhoods, etc.
The Christian City. — Cousin, Hutoire de Corustanlinople drpuis Jiislinien jusqu'a la fin de Vempire (8 vol.s., Paris, 1071- 1674); HuTTON, Cori.ilantinople (London, 1900); Barth, Con- stantinople (Pans, 1903); Do Cange, Constantinopolis chris- tian/i in De Byzantin(r historice scriptoribus (Paris, 1687), XXII; B.VNDURI, Imperium orientate sive antiquitate,'; Constan- tinopolitana (2 vol. fol., Venice, 1729); Mordtmann, Esquvise topofiraphique de Constantinople (Lille, 1892); von Hammer, Constantinopolis xtiul dcr Bosporos (Budapest, 1822); Byzan- Tios. Constantinople (Greek, Athens, 1851); Constantios, Constant inintle on description de Constantinople ancienne et morlrme (Constantinople, 1846); Richter, Quellen der bi/zan- tinischen Kun.^tgeschichtc (Vienna. 1897); Gedeon, Constanti- ?u>ple in BoUTYRAS (Greek). Dictionary of History and Geo- graphy (Constantinople, 1881), III, 929-1121; Riant^ Exuvia saCTCE Constantinopolilanfr (Geneva, 1877); Bouvy, .Souvenirs chrrlieru^ de Constantinople (Paris, 1896): Ccperdb, Tractatus prtrliminaris de pntriarchis Constantinopolitanis in Acta SS., ed. Palme, Auensl, I, vi-ix, 1-272; Lequien, Orims chris- tianiis (Paris, 1740), I. 1-350, III. 793-836; Gedeon, Ilarpiop- XtKOi TTtVoitfs (Constantinople, 1887).
SiE<iE3 OF Constantinople. — Gerland, Geschichte des lateinifchen KautrrreicJie^ von Kon-tlanlinopel (Hamburg, 1904); Krathe, Die Erobrrun^en von Konslantinopel im 13. und l.'>. JahrhiimlrrI (Halle, 18.50); Pear-i. The Fall of Constantinople, bring the Stan/ of the Fourth Crusade (London, 1885); Idem, The Dr.ilrurJion of the Greek Empire and the Story of the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks (London. 1903); Stamatiades, flislory of the Capture of Byzantium by the Franks and of Their Domiruttion (Greek, Athens, 1885); Kai.ligab, Essays on Byzantine History from the Former to the Latter Capture of Con-
