DENONVILLE
732
DENONVILLE
style (basilica, round arches, pointed arches) succeed
each other as in the rest of Europe, though they were
partly influenced by Cistercian and Brigittine forms.
Alongside of churches with parallel naves are others
with transepts, and even round churches. Church
steeples seem to have occasionally served as means of
defence. After the religious schism, people confined
themselves in the main to preserving the existing
buildings. The beautiful temples now used in Protest-
ant worship were all built in Catholic times. On the
other hand, the Evangelical kings spent large amoimts
in erecting and furnishing splendid castles, among
which we may mention Ivronborg (sixteenth) and
Frederiksborg (seventeenth century). Only Copen-
hagen exhibits important edifices of modern times,
e. g. St. Mary's church, the Thorwaldsen Museum, the
city hall, and other buildings. Prominent architects
of tlie eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were Bin-
desboll, who erected the Thorwaldsen museum; Peter
Fenger, who won fame as a designer of chiu-ches and
as an author; Chr. Fr. Hansen, builder of churches
and public buildings; Theophilus Hansen, an eminent
master whose works embellish Austria and Greece;
Henry Hansen, whose influence on artistic handicrafts
in Demnark can hardly be over-estimated; finally,
Harsdorf, Melbye, and Uldall; the last deserves
special credit as the historian of bell-casting.
b. Sculpture. — That the art of carving and chiselling was practised diligently and with some success ever since the introduction of Christianity, is proved by altars, crucifixes, choir stalls, etc. still found in churches or museums. The names of the masters can, however, rarely be ascertained with any degree of certainty. We know, e. g., that a certain Liutger is the maker of a very fine crucifi.x carved from a walrus- tooth. This cross now adorns the Danish National Museum and bears the inscription: "Qui in Christum crucifixum credunt, Liutgeri memoriam orando faci- ant". The sixteenth century seems to have been barren of skilful sculptors. We only know that a cer- tain Berg, a German born in Lubeck, carved beautiful ivory ornaments and also distinguished himself as a painter. Many artists from various countries worked either permanently or temporarily in Denmark (Ger- mans — as Rossler, Preisler, Reinliardt, Schwabe; Englishmen — as Stanley; Frenchmen — as Villars, Boudan, Prieur; Italians — as Gianelli, Miani, Guioni; Spaniards — as Molinedo, de Corte; Dutchmen — as Vermehren, van Egen; Jews — as Levi, Levisohn, Saly, Salamon). Among the native sculptors, Bissen, Jerichau, Peters, and Wiedewelt deserve mention, and above all the famous Thorwaldsen (1770-1844); the engravers Clemns and Lund ; the engravers Adzer and Christiansen.
e. Painting. — There was never a lack of painters in Denmark. This is proved by the great number of beautiful frescoes in the cathedrals at Aarhus, Ribe, Roskilde, Viborg, etc., whitewashed in the sixteenth century, but re-discovered of late and restored at great cost. Abildgaard (1743-1809), himself a notable artist (historical painter), must be considered as the father of the Danish school of painting in modern times, which has produced excellent works of art along various lines. Among the historical painters are Eck- ersberg, C. C. C. Hansen, Christ, Hoyer, Marstrand, Miiller, Paulsen, Simonsen, and Albert Kuchler (died a Catholic and a Franciscan lay-brother at Rome 1886). The pictures of his youth exhibit a joyous mood; the creations of his later life show a deep earnestness. Skilful portrait-painters are Bache, Bendz, Baerentzen, Copmann, H. Hansen, Juel, Roed; genre painters are Exner, Hammer, Sonne; Ottesen was distinguished as a flo wer- painter ; miniature- painters: Hoyer as a miniaturist. Especial prefer- ence is given to landscapes, marine and animal can- vases. Excellent landscape painters were (or are) Aegard, Kroyer, Lundbye, Hens MoUer, Skovgaard;
marine painters: Larsen, Melbye, Neumann; beauti-
ful reproductions of animal life are to be credited to
Gebauer and Lundbye.
Dehio-Bezold, Die kirchliche Bauknnst des AbenjUnnds, p. 397 — its introductory chapters contain a detailed literature, e. g. monographs on Rihe (Helms), Roskilde (Loffler, Lange, Kernerup), Odense {Momme, LaiiriUen); Loffler, Udsigi orer Danmarks Kirkebygninger fra d^n tidligere Middelalder (Copenhagen, 1883); Dietrichsohx, De NoTske Stavkirker (Christiania. 1892); Wrangel. Tegelarkitektur i norra Europa (Anlqu. Tidskr. for Sverige)\ Steffen, Roinarmka smakirker % Oestersjoldnderna {Bidrag tiU var odlings hdfder, Sfnckholm, 1901); Weilbach, Nyt Dansk Kunstnerlexikon {Copenhagen, 1896-97).
P. WiTTMAN.
Denonville, J.^^cqdes-Renb de Brisay, Seignetir
-\ND Marqi-is de, b. in 16.38 at Denonville in the de-
partment of Eure-et-Loir, France; d. 1710. Nothing
is known of him prior to his arrival in Canada, except
that he was colonel of a regiment of dragoons and in
1668 had married Catherine Courtin, daughter of
Germain Courtin, Seigneur de Tanqueux, Beauval,
Moncel, etc., and of Catherine Laffemas. Appointed
governor of New France, Denonville, accompanied by
his wife and two young daughters, left La Rochelle
early in June, 1685, and arrived at Quebec 1 August.
His special mission was to win the sympathies of the
Indians, establish peace with them, and make war
upon the Tsonnontouans, a branch of the Iroquois
who were even more to be feared than the Agniers.
Denonville soon realized that he did not have troops
enough at his disposal, and asked assistance from
France. Moreover, a powerful enemy confronted him
in the person of Thomas Dougan, Governor of New
York, who was constantly urging the Iroquois against
the French. During the winter of 1686-87 prepara-
tions were under way for a campaign in the following
summer; forts were put in a state of defence, and the
savage allies of the French, such as the Miami, the
Illinois, and the Ottawas, were asked to send warriors
to Niagara there to join the main body in the early
part of July. In the spring of 1687, 800 naval recruits
reached Quebec under the command of the Chevalier
de Vaudreuil, and on 11 June about 2000 men, under
Denonville, repaired to Catarocony, thence to invade
the country of the Tsonnontouans. Had he been less
humane Denonville could have completely subjected
the Tsonnontouans, but he erred by allowing them
too much liberty. The position of the colony was
consequently still insecure, and the other Iroquois
tribes, affected but little or not at all by the routing
of the Tsonnontouans, continued their attacks and
depredations. Denonville believed that the Iroquois
would come of their own accord and propose peace.
But Sir Edmund Andros, Governor of New England,
still less tractable than Governor Dongan, had agi-
tated the question of boundaries between the posses-
sions of the King of England and those of France, the
clima.x to his claims being his seizure of P'ort Saint-
Castin (1688). New peace negotiations took place
between the French and the Iroquois, but the diplo-
macy of a Huron chief Tionnontate, called Kortdia-
rank, or the "Rat", upset everything. By the au-
tumn of 1688 the colony was in a lamentable state,
sickness had decimated its troops, 1400 of the 12,000
who formed the entire population of New France had
fallen victims to the destructive scourge, and the forts
were abandoned.
The winter of 1688-89 was one of wild alarms, espe- cially in the vicinity of Montreal, which was easiest of access to the Iroquois, and during the summer these merciless barbarians, to the number of 1400, invaded the island of Montreal and slew the inhabitants of Lachine. This onslaught caused the utmost conster- nation among the colonists. Great joy prevailed when it « as amioimced that the Comte de Frontenac, who had alreaily governed the colony for ten yeare (1672-82), would replace the Marquis de Denonville
