CLICHTOVE
58
CLIFTON
45; colleges and academies for boys, 4; attendance,
515 pupils; academies for girls, 11; attendance,
2113 pupils; 9 orphanages and one infant asylum,
total number of inmates, 1251; hospitals, 9; homes
for tlie aged, 3; Houses of Good Shepherd, 2. —
The Catholic population is about 330,000, and is
composed of 13 nationalities, exclusive of native
Americans, viz. Irish, German, Slovak, Polish, Bo-
hemian, Magyar, Slovenian, Italian, Lithuanian,
Croatian, Rumanian, Ruthenian, Syrian.
Shkv. Calholic Missimis (New York, 1S54), 293, and in r,;.",..-,, / ,, , . iflevchLiMi. 1:5 Sfpti-nil.cr. \ssl); Idem. Hist. ,/ '•. . ,. '.. I ';„,-,/, ,/, ih. I nii.^l .s(../... ,Xpw York, 1S89, 1^1. ■ /,/,,.. ,v l|-,r/,-<n </r ^ /-,.,/,,/■ Iran- S,,l,s BrunneT. C.
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Th,
li.ii'l.
0/ II,. l;,.!l,l 1:. ,■ r .1 Mn,l,.l„ nl
■iilliuhc fniivTsr (IS Out., 1X,S3, and :il Jan., 1S.S9);
cmces of the Right Rev. Louis de Ooesbriand in The
Catholic Universe (27 December, 1888).
George F. Houck.
CUchtove, JossE (Jodocus ClichtovjEus), a theologian, b. 1472 at Nieuport (Flanders); d. 1543 at Chartres (France). He began his studies at Lou- vain and went to Paris for his philosophical and theo- logical studies. After receiving the doctorate in tlieology (1506) he was appointed professor at the Sorbonne. In 1515 he was asked to direct the studies of Louis Guillard, the Bishoi>elect of Tournai, and four years later accompanied him to this latter place. After a short stay there, he returned to Paris, and in 1527 to Chartres, whither Guillard had been trans- ferred. He took an active part in the Council of Sens, convoked at Paris by Cardinal Duprat, and he gath- ered in a volume the various arguments brought for- ward against the Protestants. A eliampion of reform in philosojihieal and theological studies during the earlier part of his life, he devotetl himself later almost exclusively to combating the doctrines of Luther. His works are numerous and belong to almost every department of theology and philosophy. He began with commentaries on many Aristotelean treatises: logic, natural philosophy, ethics, arithmetic, and geometry. He also wrote studies on .several books of Holy Scripture, e<lited and commented the writ- ings of some of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church. Among his original works must be mentioned "De vera nobilitate opasculum" (Paris, 1512); "Eluci- datorium ecclesiasticum" (Paris, 1516); "De vita et moribus sacerdotum" (Paris, 1519), and several other works of instruction and edification; " Antilutherus " (Paris, 1524); " Pro|iugnaculum ecclesice adversus Lutheranos" (Paris, 1520); "De Sacramento Eucha- ristia" contra fficolampadiimi" (Paris, 1.526); "Com- jiendium veritatum ad fideni pertinentium contra erroneas Lutheranorum assertiones ex dictis et actis in concilio provincial! Senonensi apud Parisios celebrato " (Paris, 1529); "Sermones" (Paris, 1534); "Convul- sio calumniarura Ulrichi Veleni quibus S. Petrum tninquam Romce fuisse cavillatur" (Paris, 1535).
Clehval, De Judoci Clichtovei . . . vitti el operibus (Paris, 189.5): Idem in Diet, de thiol, cath.. Ill, 236; Van deb Haeg- HEN, Biblioiiraphie des oswures de .fosse Ctichtove in Bibt. helgica (Ghent, ISSS).
C. A. DUBH.^T.
Clifford, William (alias M.^nsell), divine, d. 30 .^pril. I r,7(l:l„.w.astlii-son of Henry Clifford, by his wife l-:lizabct I I'i'hinu-lhy.wlio as a widow joined the English Augustinian nuns at Louvain, and died, aged about seventy-seven, 3 September, 1642. Through humility Clifford never asserted his right to the Barony of Cum- beriand. ;\ft<M- education and ordination at Douai, he came on (he I'Jiyh'sli mission. As vice-president, he helped the llnglish College at Lisbon through difficult times, and became superior of Touriiay College (Paris), assigned by Cardinal Hiehelic ii t.i th( KngHsli clergy. He evaded being ma<le bishop in l(i(iO,(leelinc<r in
1670 the presidency of Douai, and closed his life
in the Hopital des Incurables in Paris. Clifford's
works are: "Christian Rules proposed to a vertuous
Soule" (Paris, 1615), dedicated to Mrs. Ursula Clif-
ford; "The Spirituall Combat", translated by R. R.
(Paris, 1656), dedicated to Abbot Montague; "Little
Manual of the Poore Man's Dayly Devotion" (2nd
edition, Paris, 1670), often reprinted; "Observations
upon Kings' Reigns since the Conquest" (MS.);
"Collections concerning Chief Points of Controversy"
(MS.)
Little Manual, 5th ed., preface; Dodd, Church History. Ill, 297; GiLLow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Catholics. I, 514, s. v.; Idem, Lisbon College. 9 and 189; Cooper in Diet, of Nat. Biog.. a. v.; ChronU-le of .S'(. Monica's, Louvain (Edinburgli, 1904), I, 127; Kirk, Biographies (London, 1908), s. v.
P.\TRICK RVAN.
Clifton, Diocese op (Cliftoniensis), England, consisting of Ciloucestershire, Somersetshire, and Wiltshire. It was founded by Pius IX when he restored the English hierarchy in 1850. Previously to that the diocese formed part of the Western Dis- trict, one of the four vicariates established by Inno- cent XI in 1688, and including Wales and the six south-western counties of England. In 1840 Wales became a separate vicariate, and thenceforth the dis- trict consisted of the English counties only. As the vicars Apostolic resided chiefly at Bath in Somerset, when the district was divided into the two dioceses of Clifton and Plymouth, it was fitting that the last Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, Dr. Joseph William Hendren, O.S.F. (1791-1806), consecrated in 1848, should become the first Bishop of Clifton. Thus the diocese is, in a special sense, the representa- tive of the old vicariate. In this capacity the Bishop of Clifton retains possession of the archives of the Western District, one of the most important sources of information for the history of the Church in England from 1780 to 1850. The papers earlier in date perished during the Gordon Riots in 1780. Besides these valuable archives there is at Bishop's House an interesting series of portraits of the vicars Apostolic of the Western District and of the bishops of Clifton.
A year after the foundation of the new diocese Dr. Hendren was translated to the See of Nottingham and was succeeded by Dr. Thomas Burgess (1791- 1S54). On 28 June, 18.52, a cathedral chapter, con- sisting of a provost and ten canons, was erected. On the death of Bishop Burgess, 27 Nov., 1854, there was a long vacancy, and tlie administration of the diocese was given provi.sidiially to Archbishop Erring- ton, coadjutor to Cardinal Wiseman. This arrange- ment lasted until Feb., 1S57, when the Hon. and Rev. William Joseph Hugh Clifford (1823-1893), son of the seventh Lord Clifford, was appointed bishop, being consecrated by Pope Pius IX in person. His long pontificate lasted for thirty-six years, ending with his death, 14 Aug., 1893. His successor was Dr. William Robert Brownlow (18.3(5-1901), famous as an archaeologist, and whose well-kno^\^l work on the catacombs, written conjointly with Dr. James Spencer Northcote, is a classical work of reference. Dr. Brownlow died 9 Nov., 1901, and was succeeded by the Rt. Rev. George Ambrose Burton, consecrated 1 May, 1902. The diocese, which is under the patronage of "Our Lady Conceived without Sin" and Sts. Peter and Paul, is divided into six rural deaneries. There are 57 public churches and chapels, besides 24 private chapels belonging to communities. The clergy number about 50 secular priests and about SO regulars, the latter including the Benedic- tines of the famous abbey and school at Downside. The Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Cister- cians, and .lesuits are also represented in the diocese. The College of Sts. Peter and Paul, Prior Park, founded by Benedictines and afterwards conducted
