ENCYCLOPEDIA
417
ENCYCLOPEDIA
vols., St. Petersburg, 1S90-1902); "Boljgaja Enciklo-
pedija", ed. Jushakow (St. Petersburg. 1899).
Poland: "Encjklopedya powszechna", ed.Orgelbrand
(28 vols., Warsaw, 1859-68), Sikorski (Warsaw, 1890).
Bohemia: "Slovnfk Naufinv", ed. Kober (12 vols.,
Prague, 1860-87) ; " Ottiiv Slovnik Naucn5^, ed. Otto
(17 vols., Prague, 1888-1901). Hungary: "Pallas
Nagy Lexikona" (16 vols., Budapest, 1893-97; suppl.,
1900); an Arabian encyclopedia was discontinued
when it reached the ninth volume (Beirut, 1876-87).
In addition to these works, which were prepared
for general reference, technical encyclopedias reached
great perfection during the nineteentli century.
There is hardly a science or department of knowledge
which is not fully covered in some work of this kind.
In the province of general theology Migne has pul>
lished in his " Encycl. theologique" (Paris, 184-1-75),
a series of over 100 special lexicons treating the differ-
ent branches of theology: dogmas, heresies, liturgy,
symbolism, archaeology, councils, cardinals, etc. An-
other comprehensive encyclopedia, dealing especially
with theology and church history, is the " Dizionario tli
erudizione storico-ecclesiastica " of Gaetano Moroni
(103 vols., 6 index vols., Venice, 1840-79). The
"Handlexikon der kath. Theologie", ed. Schaffer (3
vols., from A to Reservationen, Ratisbon, 1881-91)
and Aschbach's "Kirchenlexikon" (4 vols., 1846-51)
remained unfinished. The most important Catholic
encyclopedia of Germany is Wetzer and Welte's
"Kirchenlexikon" (13 vols., Freiburg, 1847-60; 2nd
ed., 1880-91; index vol., 1903). A short but com-
prehensive encyclopedia is Buchberger's " Kirchliches
Handlexikon" (Munich, 1907 — ). Similar under-
takings are " Dictionnaire de theologie catholique",
ed. Vacant and Mangenot (Paris, 1903 — ) and The
Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. Herbermann, Pace,
Fallen, Shahan, and Wynne (15 vols.. New York,
1906 — ), which deals with the constitution, doctrine,
discipline, and history of the Church, and whatever is
connected with the interests of the Church. Among
distinctively Protestant encyclopedias may be men-
tioned: " Lexikon fiir Theologie und Kirchenwesen",
ed. H. Holtzmann and Zopffel (2nd ed., Brunswick,
1888); "Realencyklopadie fiir protestantische Theo-
logie und Kirche", ed. Herzog (21 vols., 1853-68; 3rd
ed., 21 vols., ed. Hauck, 1896-1908; tr. New York,
1908 — ); "Die Religion in Geschichte und Ge-
genwart", ed. Schiele (5 vols., Tubingen, 1909 — ),
on the same plan as Buchberger's " Handlexikon ".
There are a large number of Biblical dictionaries; the
earliest is the " Grand dictionnaire de la Bible ou
explication litt^rale et historique de tous les mots
propres du vieux et nouveau Test.", ed. Richard
Simon (Lyons, 1693). Soon after appeared Calmet's
" Diet, historique, critique, chronologique, g^ogra-
phique et littoral de la Bible" (Paris, 1719). A work
which is still useful is the " Biblisches Realworter-
buch", ed. G. B. Winers (2 vols., 3rd ed., 1847-48).
I). Schenkel's "Bibellexikon" is pronouncedly ration-
alistic; the Jewish point of view is found in Ham-
burger's " Realencyklopadie fiir Bibel und Talmud "
(2 vols., 4 suppl. vols.; newed., 1896-97); "The Jew-
ish Encyclopedia", ed. Singer (New York, 1906 — ).
Among Protestant Biblical dictionaries are the
" Handworterbuch des biblischen Altertums", ed.
Riehm and Bathgen (2 vols., Bielefeld, 1893-94);
" KurzesBibelworterbuch",ed.H.Guthe(1903); "Cy-
clopedia of Biblical Literature ", ed. Kitto (3rd ed., ed.
.■Mexander, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1862-65) ; " Dictionary
of the Bible", ed. Smith (London, 1860-63, 3 vols.;
2nd ed.. Smith and Fuller, 1893); "Dictionary of the
Bible", ed. Hastings (4 vols., Edinburgh, 189S-1902,
suppl. vol., 1904); the well-known rationalistic "En-
cyclopa-dia biblica", ed. Cheyne and Black (4 vols.;
London, 1899-1903). There are only two Catholic
Biblical encyclopedias: Vigouroux, " Dictionnaire de
la bible contenant tous les noms de personnes, de
v.— 2?
lieux, de plantes, d'animaux mentionn^s dans les s.
Ecritures" (Paris, 1895 — ), and the "Lexicon bibli-
cum" of M. Hagen (4 vols., Paris, 1905—). The
following encyclopedias deal with Christian archae-
ology: "Dictionnaire des antiquites chretiennes",
ed. Martigny (2nd ed., Paris, 1877); "Dictionary of
Christian Antiquities", ed. Smith and Cheetham
(London, 1875); Kraus, " Real-Encyklopadie der
christlichen Alterthumer" (2 vols., Freiburg im Br.,
1882-86); Cabrol, "Dictionnaire d'archeologie chr^-
tienne et de liturgie" (Paris, 1907[ — ). Hagiography
and the veneration of relics, besides the volume in
Migne's " Encyclopedie theologique ", " Heiligenlexi-
kon", ed. Stadler and Heim (5 vols., 1858-82); on
church music: "Lexikon der kirchlichen Tonkunst",
ed. Kornmiiller (2nd ed., 2 vols., Ratisbon, 1891-95).
Medicine is treated in "Medizinisch-chirurgische
Encyk.", ed. Prosch and Ploss (4 vols., Leipzig,
186f); "Realencyklop.der gesamten Heilkunde", ed.
Eulenburg (3rded., Vienna, 1893); "Handworterbuch
der gesamten Medizin" (2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1899-
1900). Jurisprudence and sociology: " Encyklopadie
der Rechtswissenschaf t ", ed. F. v. Holtzendorff (1870-
73; 6th ed., 1903 — ); "Encykl. der Rechtswissen-
schaf t", ed. Birkmeyer (Berlin, 1901); "Staats- und
Gesellschafts-Lex.", ed. H. Wagener (26 vols., Berlin,
1859-68); "Staatslex.", ed. Rotteck and Welcker (15
vols., Altona, 1835-44; 3rd ed. 14 vols., 1850-66);
the Catholic "Staats- Lexikon" nf the Gorres Society,
ed. Bruder (5 vols., Freiburg im Br., 1889-97; 4th ed.,
ed. Bachem, 1908--) ; " Deutsches Staatsworterbuch ",
ed. Bluntschli (2 vols., 1857-70 ; new ed., 3 vols., 1869-
74); "Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften",
ed. Conrad, El-ster, Lexis, and Loening (6 vols., 2 suppl.
vols., 1889-98); "Nouveau diet, d 'economic poli-
tique", ed. Fay and Chailley (2 vols., Paris, 1891-92);
"Worterbuch der Volkswirtschaft", ed. Elster (2
vols., 1808; 2nd ed., 1907); "Handworterbuch der
Schweizer Volkswirtschaft ", ed. Reichesberg ( 1901 — ) ;
" Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy,
and Political History of the United States", ed. Lalor
(Chicago, 1881); "Handworterbuch der gesamten
Militarwissenschaften", ed. Poten (Bielefeld, 1877-
80). Philosophy: "Dictionnaire des sciences philoso-
phiques", ed. Frank (3rd ed., 1885). Natural .science:
"Encyklopadie der Naturwissenschaften" (Breslau,
1879 — ); "EncyclopMie d'hLstoire naturelle", ed.
Chenu (22 vols, of text, 9 vols, of illustrations, Paris,
1850-61). Antiquity: "Realencyk. der klass. Alter-
tumswissenschaf t ", ed. Pauly (6 vols., Stuttgart,
1842-66; ed. Wissowa, 1S94— ); "Reallexikon des
klassischen Altertums", ed. Liibker (1853 — ; 7th ed.,
1890); " Reallexicon der deutschen Altertumer", ed.
Gotzinger (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1885). History and
biography: "Encyklopadie der neuern Gesch.", ed.
Herbst (5 vols., Gotha, 1880-90); "Allgemeine
deut.sche Biographic" (47 vols., 1875-1903; suppl.,
190.5 — ), and, supplementary, Bettelheim's "Jahr-
buch fiJr Biographic und Necrologie" (1903 — );
"Dictionnaire encyclopedique d'histoire, de biog-
raphic, de mythologie et de geographie", ed. Gr^goire
(Paris, 1894); "Dictionnaire des contemporains", ed.
Vapereau (Paris, 1858; 6th ed., 1893; suppl., 1895);
"Dictionnaire des litterateurs", ed. Vapereau (1876;
2nd ed., 1884); "Dictionary of National Biography"
(63 vols., London, 1863-1903; newed., 1908); "Nou-
velle biographic g^n^rale" (46 vols., Paris, 1855-66);
"Dizionario biografico degli scrittori contempor-
anei", ed. de Gubernatis (3 vols., Florence, 1890-91);
"Men and Women" (5th ed., 1899); "Who's Who"
(1857—); "Who's WTio in America" (1899—); "Wer
ist's?", ed. Degener (1905—). "The Catholic Who's
Who" (London, 2nd ed., 1909). Geography: "Geo-
graphisch-statistisches Lexikon", ed. Ritter (2 vols.,
1835; 8th ed., 1895); "Dictionnaire universelle d'his-
toire et de geographic", ed. Bouillet (Paris, 1842; 32nd
ed., 1901 ; "Nouveau dictionnaire de geographic uni-
