EUROPE
612
EUROPE
gained from the Orient the best the East had to give
and thus was greatly aided in its development.
A more lasting success, however, followed the at- tempts, patterned on the Crusades, to carry on wars of conversion and conquest in those territories of north- eastern Europe peopled by tribes that had lapsed from the Faith or that were still heathen; among such pagans were the Obotrites, Pomeranians, Wiltzi, Sorbs, Letts, Livonians, Finns, and Prussians. The preparatory work was done in the twelfth century by missionaries of the Premonstratensian and Cistercian Orders. They were aided with armed forces by Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony, Albert the Bear of Bran- denburg, Bolcslaw of Poland, and St. Erik IX of Sweden. From the beginning of the thirteenth cen- tury Crusailes were undertaken against Livonia, Sem- gall, a division of the present Courland, and Esthonia; the Teutonic Knights conquered Prussia after a strug- gle that lasted more than fifty years. In Lithuania
scribed elsewhere, and was facilitated by the violent
procedure of the petty princes who had absolute
sovereign power over their subjects. The first of the
ruling princes to make the change was Albert of
Brandenburg, Grand ilaster of the Teutonic Knights
(1525); he was followed by the Elector John of
Saxony, Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (1527), and at
almost the same date by nearly all the German
imperial cities. The movement soon gained the north-
ern countries, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the
Baltic provinces; these all gave their adherence (1530)
to the so-called Augsburg Confession, while the upper
German imperial cities, Strasburg, Constance, Lindau,
Memmingen, held to the Tetrapolitan Confession of
the so-called Reformed Church founded by ZwingU
and especially strong in Switzerland. The Reformed
Church also found adherents in the Palatinate, and at
the beginning of the seventeenth century in Hesse-
Cassel and Brandenburg. The Anglican Church was
RELIGIOUS STATISTICS FOR THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE
THE FIGURES BELOW ARE BASED ON CENSUS REPORTS, D.^TES OF WHICH ARE GIVEN IN PARENTHESES
Country
Catholics
(including Uniat
Evangelicals:
including
Anglicans,
Methodists,
Oriental
Christians:
Orthodox-
Greek,
Gregorian
etc.
Jews
Moham-
medans
Others: Ra-
tionaUsts,
Without a
Confession.
Eastern Churches'
Unitarians,
etc.
Non-Chris-
tian
Russia, Finland, and Poland. (1897)
11,326,794
6,283,679
78,713.017
5,082,342
3,560,361
320,292
Austria -Hungary, with Bosnia and
Herzegovina (1900)
35,804,263
4,227,691
4,095,723
2,158.380
548,632
Germany (1900)
20,327,913
35,231,104
586,833
17,535
France (1900)
38,100,000
662,000
100,000
100.000
Spain (19001
nbout 18,500,000
(1887) 6,654
(1887) 402
(1887) 23,330
Sweden (1890)
1,436
4,779,867
3,402
276
Norway (1900)
2.065
2,204,989
642
13,770
Great Britain and Ireland (1901)
5,310,000
35,925.000
210,000
Italy (1901)
about 30,300,000
(1880)62.000
(1880)38.000
Turkish Empire (1900)
480,000
20,000
2,480,000
90,000
3,060,000
Denmark (1900)
5,479
2,436,012
3,476
4,573
Rumania (1S99)
149.667
22,749
5,408,743
269,015
43,740
16.148
Bulgaria (1900)
40,790
4,524
3,020.840
33,717
643.253
1,149
Portugal (1900)
5.425,500
500
2,000
Greece and Crete (1900)
34,710
2,172,048
6,518
57.446
740
SerWa (1S95)
10.948
1,002
2,281,018
5,102
14,414
Switzerland (1900)
1,283.135
1,918,197
12,551
The Netheriands (1S99)
1.790.161
3,085,899
45
103,988
115,179
Belgium (1900)
6,669.000
20,000
4,000
Montenegro (1S97)
12,934
201,067
13,840
The inhabitants of the Grand Duchj'
of Luxemburg, Republic of Andorra,
Principality of Lichtenstein, Republic
of San Marino, and the Principality of
Monaco, are almost entirely CathoUcs
about 280,000
176.055,796
96,872,067
98,372,501
8, .530.368
7,941,686
612,992
Christianity did not win the victory until 136S. After
this only the Turks, in the south-eastern corner of the
Continent, were a cause of alarm to Christian Europe
for centuries. The decline of the power of the East-
ern Empire drew the Turks over the Bosporus; in
1365 they had control of Adrianople; in the course of
the fourtet^nth century the Serbs, Bulgars, Macedo-
nians, and the inhabitants of Thessaly became their
subjects. In H53 the Turks took Constantinople, in
1401 Trcbizond, in 14S0 even Otranto in Apulia; after
1547 tiiey owned lialf of Hungary. It was not until
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that theirpos-
sessions were reduced to their present boundaries,
thus limiting Mohammedanism to a small part of the
population of Europe.
At the beginning of modern times a great change took place in the boundaries of the European .States. The cause was that ecclesiastical movement known as the Reformation, which placed in opposition to the unity of Catholicism in Western Europe the numerous religious associations that together form Protestant- ism. The apostasy of the various countries and cities, which began soon after Luther first appeared, was brought about by the most varied causes, de-
established in 1549 in Great Britain; in 1559 the
French Reformed Church adopted the "Confessio
Gallicana"; in 1560 the Scotch Reformed the "Con-
fessio Scottica"; from 1592 the Reformation in Scot-
land adopted a Presbyterian form of government.
Since 1562 the Reformation in the Netherlands has
held to the "Confessio Belgiea", and the Reformed
Church in Hungary since 1567, to the " Confessio Hun-
garica". Soon the Counter-Reformation, called into
life by the Council of Trent (1545-63) to prevent the
loss of the whole of middle Europe, appeared; its suc-
cess was assured by the aid of the Society of Jesus.
In this way various princes and bishops who were de-
sirous of doing their duty were enabled to hold their
countries to the Catholic Church, as the Duke of
Cleves, the Electors of Mainz and Trier, the Bishops of
Augsburg, WUrzburg, Bamberg, Minister, Constance,
Basle, the Abbey of Fulda, but especially the Dukes of
Bavaria and the Hapsburg dynasty witiiin their Aus-
trian provinces. Soon the hostility between the two
ecclesiastical parties grew so bitter that a trifling inci-
dent sufficed to bring on a terrible religious confhct,
the Thirty Years War (1616-48). Two religious con-
fessional leagues confronted each other in Germany:
