HARDYNG
13G
HARE
nal des Sgavans", 10 March, 16S1, on the meaning of a
passage in Pliny (Hist. Nat., XXXIII, iii). His books
.•ire numerous, but many of them are ill-balanced and
full of errors. Others, however, have won for him a
place among men of learning. Many of his works deal
with ancient numismatics, especially his "Nummi
antiqui populorum et urbium Ulustrati" (Paris, IGS-l);
others treat of Greek and Roman classical literature,
e. g. his "Themistii Orationes XXXIII" (Paris,
1684), and "Plinii Secundi HistoriiE Naturalis libri
XXXVII" (Paris, 1685; a new edition by Hardouin
in 1723). It was e.specially in his "Chronologia Ve-
teris Tcstamenti" (Paris, 1697; reprinted Strasburg,
1697, after the Parliament of Paris had interdicted the
sale of the work) that he questioned the authenticity
of nearly all the works attributed to the classical
writers; the only except ions he made were in favour of
the works of Cicero, Pliny's Natural History, Virgil's
Georgics, Horace's Satires and Epistles, and in some
writings Homer, Herodotus, and Plautus. In like man-
ner he cast doubts on the authenticity of many of the
writingsof early Christian literature, and denied the au-
thenticity of the Alexandrian version and the Hebrew
text of the Old Testament. Many of his publications
deal with the interpretation of the Old and the New
Testament and the chronology of the Life of Christ,
especially the date on which He kept the Passover and
the date of His birth. He also wrote a number of
polemical works which, like those of his atlversaries,
are lacking in dignity antl reser\e. He attacked Pere
Courayer on the subject of Anglican orders. Mile
Darcier on the basic idea of Homer's Iliad, and Gra-
vius on the authenticity of the classical authors.
His greatest work Ls the "Conciliorum collect io regia maxima", or ".\cta conciliorum, et epi.stol» decretales ac con.stitutiones summorum pontificum" (Paris, 172.5). He received a pension from the French clergy for this work, and it was printed at the expense of the King of France. It is generally conceded to be the most critical edition we have of the text of the Councils. The work had been printed ten years (1715) before it was issued to the public. At the in- stigation of the Sorbonne. the Parliament of Paris had opposed it because Hardouin had studded the work with maxims opposed to the claims of the Galilean Church. His "Commentarius in No\ann Testamen- tum" was not published till after his death (Amster- dam, 1741), and then it was put on the Index. Other works of his placed on the Index were the edition of his "Opera Selecta", published without its author's knowledge (Amsterdam, 1709); and his "Opera Varia" (Amsterdam, 17.33).
ZiMMERMAXN in Kirchenlex., s. v.; Schmiijt-Pfender in Reaiencyk. fur prot. ThcoL, s. v.; SoMMERVofjEi-. BiltK </»■ la c. </c J. (Brussels. 18P3), IV, 84-111, which mentions all liardouin's works; Quentin, Jean-Dominique Manni et les grandcs collec- tions conciliaires (Paris. 1900), 38-54.
A. Van Hove.
Hardyng, John, English chronicler; b. 1378; d. about 1465. He was of northern parentage and en- tered the service of Henry Percy (Hotspur), and sub- sequently that of Sir Robert Umfreville. He was present at the battles of Homildon Hill (1402) and Shrewsburj- (1403), and in 1405 was made constable of Warkworth Castle. In 1415 he accompanied Um- freville to Harfleur, took part in the battle of Agin- court, and was later employed by Henry V to visit Scotland in order to procure official documents to show that Scotland was subservient to England. Shortly before Henrjs death (1422) Hardyng re- turned with his results and was rewarded with the manor of Geddington, Northamptonshire. In 1424 he was in Rome consulting historical works on behalf of Cardinal Beaufort, and later on he resumed his Scottish investigations. His conduct on this mLssion is indefensible, for he forged many docinnents, some of which .still survive in the Record Office, London, and
returned to claim a reward for his fraudulent work.
Before 1436 he had been made constable of Kyme
Castle, in Lincolnshire, where he lived for many years,
and he now received an annual grant from that county.
His later years were occupied in the compilation of his
chronicle, which is valuable because of his acquaint-
ance with the leading statesmen of his age. He wrote
three different versions: the first, compiled in the
Lancastrian interest, ends in 1436; the second was
written as a Yorkist; and the third, dedicated to Ed-
ward IV and his queen, ^oes down to 1461. No criti-
cal edition of the Chronicle has yet been published,
and the version first printed by Richard Grafton dif-
fers from all existing manuscripts. The latest edition
was published by H. Ellis in 1812, and reproduces
Grafton's version including his continuation to the
reign of Henry VIII.
Warton. History of English Poetry, ed. Hazlitt (London, 1871); Palgrave, Documents and Records illustrating the His- ton/ of Scotland (London, 1S37): Hardy, Descriptire Cataloffue, I. II, 806 (London, 1S62-1S71); Lee, in Did. Nat. Biog.. a. v.; Chevalier, Repertoire des sources historiques du Moyen Age (Paris, 1905), I, 2027.
Edwin Burton.
Hare Indians, a Dene tribe which sliares with the Loueheu.x the distinction of being the northernmost Redskins in .\nierica, their habitat being immediately south of that of the Eskimos. Their territory extends from Fort Norman, on the Mackenzie, west of Great Bear Lake, to the confines of the Eskimos, not far from the .\rctic Ocean. They are divided into five bands or sub-tribes, namely: the Xni-o'tinne, or "People of the Moss ", who rove along the outlet of Great Bear Lake; the Kra-tha-go'tinnd, "People among the Hares", who dwell on the same stream; the Kra- cho-go'tinne, "People of the Big Hares", whose hunt- ing grounds are inland, between the Mackenzie and the coast of the Arctic Ocean; the Sa-cho-thu-go 'tinn6, "People of Great Bear Lake", whose name betrays their location, and lastly the Nne-lla-go'tinn^, "People of the End of the World", whose district is conterminous with that of the Eskimos. The Hares do not now number more than 600 souls. They are a timorous and kindly disposed set of people, whose innate gentleness long made them and their hunting grounds, bleak and desolate as they are, a fair field for exploitation by their bolder neighbours in the West and South-Ea.st. According to some this nat- ural timidity is responsible for their name; but others apparently better informed contend that it is derived from the large munber of Arctic liares (tepits arc- ticux) to be found in their country, and the aboriginal designation of some of their ethnic divisions con- firms this opinion. Their medicine-men, or sha- mans, were formerly an object of dread to the sub- .'\rctic D^n^s, Iieing famous for the effectiveness of their ministrations and the wonderfulness of their tricks.
The Hare Indians are naturally very superstitious. Owing partly to the n:iture of their habitat, dreary steppes which are the home of starvation much more than of abundance, and partly to the distance that at first separated them from religious centres, they retained their practice of abandoning and even eating the old and infirm in times of scarcity, and adhered to their superstitious customs, long after their more favoured congeners had discarded them. The first Hare Indian admitted into the Church was baptized some fifteen hundred miles south of the land of his birth in the summer of 1839 by Father Belcourt, a famous missionary of the Red River Settlement. The Indian was then dying while in the employ of the Hudson Bay Company. But his tribe was not evangelized before 1859, when Father GroUier, a French Oblate of Mary Immaculate, reached T'ort Xorman and later Good Hope, where he established liis residence. He laboured unremittingly to win
