HEUDE
308
HEUDE
of the university. Hettinger and his colleagues, Her-
genriJther and Denzinger, formed a brilliant constel-
lation to which the theological faculty of Wurzburg
owed the high repute which it enjoyed for many
years. Hettinger's merits were also recognized
abroad. He was made an honorary member of the
college of doctors of the theological faculty of the
University of Vienna in 1S66, honorary doctor of
theology of Louvain in 1884, and, in 1SS5, honorary
member of the .\eademia Religionis Catholics? of
Rome. He was called to Rome with Hergenriither
in 1868 to assist in the preliminary work of the
Vatican Council, and appointed consultor to the
theologico-dogmatic commission. On 21 November,
1879, he was appointed a domestic prelate by Leo
xni.
With the qualities of a distinguished scholar of wide culture, of a clear and penetrating thinker, and of an enthusiastic teacher singularly fitted for aca- demic instruction, Hettinger joined the brilliant gifts of a classic writer. His famous masterpiece, the "Apologie des Christenthums", was published in 2 vols, in 5 parts (Freiburgim Br., 1863-67 ; 2nd ed., 1865- 67;3rded.,1867-69;4thed.,1871-7.3;5thed., 1875-80; 6th ed., 1885-87). After the death of Hettinger, his pupil, Professor Eugen Muller, of Strasburg, prepared the further editions in 5 vols.; 7th ed., 1895-98; Sth ed., 1899-1900 ; 9th ed., 1906-8. It was translated into French, English, Portuguese, and Spanish. This work was not intended for theologians alone, but also for circulation among people of culture generally. It is one of the most important productions of apolo- getic literature, on account of the richness of its con- tent and its thoroughness of argument, combined with classic clearness and beauty of language and exposition, even in its most technical and complicated passages. This was followed liy the more strictly scientific "Lehrbuch der Fundamental-Theologie oder Apologetik" (2 parts, Freiburg, 1879; 2nded.in 1vol., 1888). If we except the "Apologie des Christen- thums", the beautiful work "Aus Welt und Kirche; Bilder und Skizzen" has had the widest circulation of any of Hettinger's writings (2 vols., Freiburg, 1885; 2nd ed., 1887; 3rd ed., 1893; 4th ed., 1897; 5th ed., 1902). It was the fruit of his repeated sojourns in Italy, and particularly Rome, and of his other vacation trips through various parts of Germany, Austria (espe- cially Tyrol), Switzerland, and France. Some of the sketches of travel from which this work was com- piled appeared first in various issues of the "His- torisch-politische Blatter" (1874-84). His long and intimate study of Dante inspired the following pro- ductions: " Grundidee und Charakter der gottlichen Komodie von Dante Alighieri" (Bonn, 1876); "Die Theologie der gottlichen Komodie des Dante .Ali- ghieri in ihren Grundziigen dargestellt" (Cologne, 1879); "Die gottliche Komodie des Dante -Alighieri nach ihrem we-sentlichen Inhalt und Charakter dar- gestellt. Ein Beitrag zu deren Wiirdigung und Verstandniss" (Freiburg, 1880; 2nd ed., 1889, tr. by Father Sebastian Bowden as " Dante's Divina Com- media. Its Scope and Value ", London, 1887) ; " De theologiae speculativa? ac mysticse connubio in Dantis prcesertim trilogia" (Wiirzburg, 1882); "Dante und Beatrice" (Frankfort, 1883); "Dantes Geistesgang" (Cologne, 1888). To the domain of practical theology belong the two following excellent and invaluable works, which were the last written by Hettinger: "Aphorismen iiber Predigt und Prediger" (Freiburg, 1888; 2nd ed., edited by P. Hiils, 1907), and "Timo- theus. Briefe an einen jungen Theologen" (Frei- burg, 1890; the following editions prepared by .Albert Ehrhard: 2nd ed., 1897; 3rd ed., 1909; also"tr. into Spanish and English, Freiburg, 1901 and 1902).
Of Hettinger's le-sser writings there remain to be mentioned: "Das Priesterthum der katholischen Kirche. Primizpredigten" (Ratisbon, 1851; 2nd ed.
edited by Eugen Muller, 1897) ; " Die kirchlichen und
socialen Zustiinde von Paris" (Mainz, 1852); "Die
Idee der geistlichen Uebungen nach dem Plane des
hi. Ignatius von Loyola ' (Ratisbon, 1853; 2nd ed.
prepared by Rudolf Handmann, S.J. , 1908); " Herr,
den du liebst, der ist krank. Ein Kranken- und Trost-
buch" (Wurzburg, 1855, 3rd ed., 1878; 5th ed., 1904);
" Die Liturgie der Kirche und die lateinisehe Sprache"
(Wurzburg, 1856); "Der Organismus der Univer-
sitiltswissenschaften und die Stellung der Theologie
in demselljen" (rectoral discourse, Wurzburg, 1862);
"Die Kunst im Clu-istenthum " (rectoral discourse,
Wurzburg, 1867); "Die kirchliche Vollgewalt des
apostolischen Stuhles" (Freiburg, 1873; 2nd ed.,
1887) ; " Der kleine Kempis, Brosamen aus den meist
unbekannten Schriften des Thomas von Kempis"
(Freiburg, 1874; 2nd ed., 1900); "David Friedrich
Strauss. Ein Lebens- und Literaturbild " (Freiburg,
1875); "Thomas von .Aquin und die europiiische
Civilisation " (Frankfort, 1880) ; " Die ' Krisis des
Christenthums', Protestantism us und katholische
Kirche" (Freiburg, 1881); "Dreifaches Lehramt.
Gediichtnissrede auf Denzinger" (Freiburg, 1883).
Numerous treatises and some more considerable
essays, which were partly preparations for his great
works, were published by Hettinger in various re-
views: "Katholische Wochenschrift" (Wurzburg,
1853-56); "Katholik" (1860-62); "Chilianeum"
(Wurzburg, 1862-69); " Oesterreichische Viertel-
jahresschrift fur katholische Theologie" (1865);
" Historisch-politische Blatter" (1874-90); "Theo-
logisch-praktische Quartalschrif t " (Linz, 1881-87,
1889-90). "Gutachten der theologi.schen Facultiit
der k. Julius-Maximilians-Universitiit in Wurzburg
uber fiinf ilu- vorgelegte Fragen das bevorstehcnde
bkumenische Concil in Rom betreffend" (printed in
"Chilianeum", New Series, Vol. II, 1869, pp. 25S-:iU7;
and separately, \\'urzburg, 1870) was written jointly
by Hettinger and Hergenriither, the former being the
author of the parts concerning dogma, and the latter,
of the historico-canonical matter.
Stammi.nger. Gt'denkblutt an den Horhwiirdigsten Herrn Dr. Franz, Her. Hettinger (2nd ed., with portrait, Wurzburg. 1890): Renningek, Priilat Hettinger, ein Lcbensbild. in Katholik, I (1890). 385^02: Gopfeht. Gediichtnissrede auf F. Hettinger (Wurzburg, 1S90); Atzbergek in Jahresbericht der Gurro- Gesdlachaft (1890). 25-29; Ml'ller in Vol. I of the 7lh-9th edi- tions of Apologie des Christenthums, ed\te<ihyhim\ Kaufmann, Franz Hettinger, Erinnerunlien ein/'s dankbaren Srhnlcrs (Frank- fort, 1891); Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, L, 2S3 sq.
Friedmch Lauchert.
Heude, Pierre, missionary to China and zoologist; b. at Fougores, in the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, 25 June, 1836; d. in the Jesuit college at Zi-ka-wci, near Shanghai, 3 January, 1902. Heude entered the Society in 1856 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1867. He went in 1868 to China, where he was destined to accomplish most of his .scientific work. As a boy he had secured a manual of botany and eagerly studied its secrets. Even after his arrival in China he continued his botanical researches, but soon turned to zoology, in which for more than thirty years he was to labour with admirable and unflagging zeal. His first step was to travel through middle and eastern China, chiefly by water routes, between 1868 and 1881 , his chief subjects of investigation then being the fresh-water molluscs of those regions. The re- sults of these researches are to be found in "Conchy- liologie flu\aatile de la province de Nanking et de la Chine centrale" (Paris. 1876-85), which appeared in ten numbers. It contained eighty plates which made known numerous new species and received high com- mendation from the scientific colleagues of the author. To this day the most important work on the land molluscs of China is Heude's treatise: "Notes sur les mollusques terrestres de la valine du Fleuve Bleu" (188 pages of text and 32 plates). This essay may be found in the first volume of the " M6moires concemant
