HISTORY
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HISTORY
ecclesiastical history, on the other hand, can point to
a multitude of works. Among Catholic productions
may be noted Lingard's "History of England" and
his "History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon
Church", which are reliable works of reference for
early and medieval English ecclesiastical history;
Butler's "Historical Memoirs of English, Irish and
Scottish Catholics since the Reform" (London, 1819;
with Milner's "Supplementary Memoirs", ibid., 1820);
Flanagan's "History of the Church of England" (2
vols., London, 18.50); Reeve's "Short View of the
History of the Church". The post-Reformation period
is treated in Dodd, " Church History of England, 1500-
1688" (ed. Tierney, 5 vols., London, 1839). Other
useful works are Gillow's " Bibliographical Dictionary
of English Catholics since the Reformation", Allies'
"The Formation of Christendom" (q. v.), Digby's
"Mores Catholici, or Ages of Faith" (q. v.)
Scotland. — A brief Catholic general account of the history of the Church in Scotland is that of T. Walsh, " History of the Catholic Church in Scotland " (1876). An excellent history is that of Canon Bellesheim, with a very full bibliography, translated into Eng- lish by Dom Hunter-Blair, " History of the Catholic Church in Scotland" (4 vols., London, 1887, sqq.). The ablest non-Catholic work is Calderwood's "His- tory of the Kirk" (8 vols., Edinburgh, 1842).
Ireland. — The numerous civil histories of Ireland abound in materials for its church history. The first serious Catholic work on the general ecclesiastical history of Ireland was that of Lanigan, "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland" (4 vols., 2nd ed., Dublin, 1829), reaching only to the beginning of the thirteenth century. A single volume work is that of the Francis- can Brenan, " Ecclesiastical History of Ireland " (Dub- lin, 1S64). Important works dealing with particular epochs and aspects of Irish history: Haddan and Stubbs, "Councils and Eccl. Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland" (non-Catholic, London, 1873); W. Maziere- Brady, "The Epi.scopal Succession in England, Scotland and Ireland, 1400-1873" (Rome, 1876); Ware and Harris, "Hi.storv of the Bishops, Antiquities, and Writers of Ireland (non-Catholic, 3 vols., Dublin, 1739-1845); Malone, "Church History of Ireland from the .\nglo-Norman Invasion to the Reformation" (Dublin, 1882); O'Hanlon's "Lives of the Irish Saints"; Killen, "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland" (Presbyterian, London, 1875). Good Cath- olic accounts of the early Irish Church are those of Greith (Freiburg, 1867), Moran (DubUn, 1864), Gargan (ibid., 1864), Salmon (ibid., 1900). Protes- tant views were set forth by Stokes, " Ireland and the Celtic Church to 1172" (London, 1886), Loofs (1882), and Zimmer (1907). For a good bibliography of Irish ecclesiastical history see Bellesheim, "Gesch. der kathol. Kirche in Irland" (3 vols., Mainz, 1890 — ).
United States. — No satisfactory general history of the Church in the United States has yet appeared. A very learned documentary work is that of John Gil- mary Shea, " History of the t'atholic Church in the United States" (4 vols., New York, 1886). O'Gor- man's,"A History of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States" (New York, 1895), contains a use- ful bibliography.
For Australia see Cardinal Moran's " History of the Catholic Church in Australasia" (Sydney, 1896).
(b) Protestant Church Historians. — Among Protes- tants, Church history was cultivated chiefly by Ger- man Lutherans; their works came to be authoritative among non-Catholics. Planck, the first important Protestant ecclesiastical historian of the nineteentn century, exhibits the influence of the rationalism of the preceding age, but exhibits also more solidity and more Christian sentiment both in his special works on the history of Protestant theology, and in his impor- tant " Geschichte der christliclikirchlichen Gesell- schaftsverfassung" (5 vols., Hanover, 1803-9). Ne-
ander is superior to him in talents and erudition,
and moreover retains belief in the supernatural. His
" Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und
Kirche" (5 vols., Hamburg, 1825-45) reaches to the
end of the thirteenth century; after his death a sixth
volume (to the Council of Basle) was added (1852).
He also wrote a history of the Apostolic epoch, " Ge-
schichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen
Kirche durch die Apostel" (2 vols., Hamburg,
1832 — ). To his school belong Guericke (" Handbuch
derKirchengeschichte", Halle, 1833; 9th ed., Leipzig,
1865 — ), Jacobi ("Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte",
Berlin, 1850), Schaff ("Geschichte der alten Kirche",
Leipzig, 1867), Niedner ^" Gesch. der christl. Kirche",
Leipzig, 1846). Theyare stricter Lutherans however. A
different method is followed by Dante (" Lehrbuch der
Kirchengeschichte ", 2 vols., Jena, 1818-26) ; the text
is brief and condensed, but is fortified by lengthy ex-
cerpts from the sources. A similar plan is followed by
Gieseler ("Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte", 5 vols.,
Bonn, 1824-57; a si.xth volume was added by Rede-
penning from the author's manuscript). Other man-
uals were written by Engelhardt (3 vols., Erlangen,
1832, with a volume of sources, 1834) and Kurtz
("Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte", Mitau, 1849).
Lindner's " Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte " (3 vols.,
Leipzig, 1848-.54) is strictly Lutheran; less biased
are Hasse ("Kirchengeschichte", 3 parts, Leipzig,
1864) and Herzog (" .4briss der gesammten Ivirchen-
geschichte", 3 vols., Erlangen, 1876, sq.). Hase's
"Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte" and "Kirchen-
geschichte " are moderate in views, though frankly
anti-Catholic. His riietion is elegant, and his char-
acter-sketches finely drawn.
Another Protestant school is more in sympathy with Semler's rationalistic views. These writers are Hegelian in temper and spirit and seek to strip Chris- tianity of its supernatural character. Its first leaders were the so-called " Neo-Tiibingen School" under Johann Christian Baur, whose ecclesiastico-historical writings are directly anti-Christian: "Das Christen- tum untl die Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderte " (Tubingen, 18.53); "Die christliche Kirche vom 4. bis zum 6. Jahrhundert" (ibid., 1859); "Die christliche Kirche des Mittelalters " (ibid., 1860); "Die neuere Zeit" (ibid., 1861-3); "Das neunzehnte Jahrhundert" (ibid., 186.3-73). Baurhimselfand his rationalistic ad- herents, Schwegler, Ritschl, Rothe, wrote also special works on the origins of the Church. The "Allgemeine Kirchengeschichte" of Gfrilrer (7 parts, Stuttgart, 1841), written prior to his conversion, is a product of this spirit. Though constantly attacked, this school, whose chief living representative is Adolf Harnack, predominates in German Protestantism. Moeller, in his able "Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte" writes with moderation; similarly Miiller in his yet unfinished "Kirchengeschichte" (Tubingen, 1892, sqq.).
In the nineteenth century also the Reformed (see above) produced less in the province of general church history than the Lutherans. Among the German authors must be named : Thym, " Historische Ent- wicklung der Schicksale der Kirche Christi" (2 vols., Berlin, 1800 — ) ; Munscher, " Lehrbuch der christl. Kirchengeschichte" (Marburg, 1801); Ebrard, "Handbuch der Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte" (4 vols., Erlangen, 1865 — ) ; the most important of the Reformed Church historians is Hagenbach, " Kirchen- geschichte " who is temperate in his criticism of the Catholic Middle .4ges. Among the Reformed Church historians of France must be mentioned: Matter, " Histoire du christianisme et de la soci^te chretienne " (4 vols., Strasburg, 1829); Potter, "Histoire du christianisme" (8 vols., Paris, 1856); Et. Chastel, " Histoire du christianisme depuis son origine jusqu'a nos jours" (5 vols., Paris, 1881-3); Pres.sensi?, "His- toire des trois premiers si^cles"; d'Aubign^, " Histoire de la reformation du 16™" siecle" (Paris, 1831 — ).
