HU-PEI
565
HURON
and captured it. The sultan was forced to make
peace in 1444. At the instigation of the papal
legate, Cardinal Julian Cesarini, King Ladislaus I
broke the peace and decided on a new campaign
against the Turks. On 10 Nov., 1444, the Hungarian
army was defeated at Varna, and the king himself met
his death on the battlefield. After the battle, Hun-
yatly fled, and fell into the hands of Drakus, Voivode
of the Wallachians; however, he soon obtained his
freedom. In 144.5, the diet elected Hunyady one of
the five governors of the country, and placed him
over Transylvania and the districts beyond the
Theiss.
In 1446, Hunyady was elected Governor of Hun- gary, and entrusted with its government in the name of the minor, Ladislaus V, until the latter's majority. The years 1446-8 were taken up with a war against Emperor Frederick III, who was ravaging the western part of Hungary, and with campaigns against the Turks. On 17-19 Oct., 144S, occurred the battle of the Amselfelde (Kossovo Heath, in Servia), against the Turks, which ended in Himyady's tlefeat. While fleeing, Hunyady fell into the hands of his deadly enemy the despot, Georg Brankovics of Servia; how- ever, he soon succeeded in regaining his freedom through the intervention of the Hungarian magnates. Thereupon Hunyady turned his attention to the Hus- sites, who, under the leadership of John 2iska, were devastating the upper part of the cotmtry. In 1450, he made warlike preparations against the despot, Georg Brankovics, but they came to a mutual agree- ment. As governor, Hunyady conducted the nego- tiations with the Emperor Frederick, the guardian of King Ladislaus, to enable the latter to go to Hungarj'. Ladislaus remained with the emperor, but the em- peror recognized Hunyady as governor. In 1453, when Ladislaus came to the throne, Hunyady re- signed as governor, and was appointed Captain- General of Hungary, and Count of Besztercze.
The last years of Hunyady's life were taken up with new campaigns against the Turks. In 1451, Sultan Mohammed II armed himself for a decisive campaign against Europe, conquered Constantinople in 1453 and then prepared for war against Himgary. In 1454, Servia fell into the hands of the Turks, but Hunyady gained a victory over them at Szcndro. The wiles and intrigues of his hereditary enemy, Ulric Czilley, caused Hunyady to resign all his dig- nities, and to retire into private life; but as the power of the Osmanli became more threatening, Hunyady came forward once more, reconciled himself with Czilley, and undertook the defence of the southern frontier of Hungary. After the preparations for war had been completed with all speed, Himyady mar- shalled his army, imited with the peasant forces of the Franciscan monk, John Capistran at Szeged, and set out against Sultan Mohammed. At Belgrade he gained a brilliant victory over the Turks, 21-22 July, 1456, but he survived this victory only a short time. The plague, which had broken out in the camp of the Christian army, carried him off. According to his wish, his body was buried at Gyulafejdrvdr.
Hunyady was married to Elizabeth Szilagyi, of Horogssey. Of the male issue of this marriage, Ladislaus, who was concerned in a conspiracy against King Ladislaus V, fell under the headman's axe, 16 March, 1457, at Buda. The second son, Mat- thias, succeeded to the Hungarian throne in 14.58 at the death of Ladislaus V.
In Hungarian: — Tei.eki. Hudnyaiak kara Maovarorazdgon (The .Age of Huny.ad,v in HuneanO. I-VI, X-XII (lS.52-7), and as continuation, the work of Cz (nki. Die hislorische Gragraphie Ungarns in Zeitalter dcs Hunyndii's. .Also vol. IV of the great Geschickte Ungarns. ed. Szilaoti (Bud.lpest, 1S90): PoR, Johann Hiintindy (Budapest, 1R7:)). On the orisin of the fam- ily, the treatises of Retht. Cs(nki and Karacsonti in Turul in the course of the years 18,S4 and 1901. and Szazadok in the course of the year 1887. In French: — Chassin. Jenn rje Hun- yad (Paris, 1S59). On the wars .against the Turks: — Huber, Die Kriege zwischen Turken und Ungam 1440-4 in Archiv. fur
osterr. Gesck., LXVIII; KuppELwlESER, Die Kfimpfe Ungam9
mil den Osmanen bis zur SehlacfU bei Mofuica ldS6 (Vienna- Leip-
zig, 1895).
A. Aldasy.
Hu-pei, E.\.STERN, Western, Northern. See Chin.\.
Huron Indians. — The main divisions of the sub- ject are; —
I. The Hurons Before Their Dispersion. — 1. Their Place in the Huron-Iroquois Family; (2) Their Name; (3) The Huron Country; (4) Population; (5) Government; (6) Their Religion; (7) Their History; (8) Missionaries in Huronia and Their Various Stations.
II. The Hurons After Their Dispersion. — (1) Extinction of the .\ttiwandaronk or Neutral Hurons: (2) Migration to Queljec of the Hurons proper — at Quebec; on the Islaml of Orleans; back to Quebec; at Beauport; at Notre Dame de Foy ; at Vieille Lorette; final removal to La Jeune Lorette; (3) Chronological Lists : (a) Jesuit Missionaries with the Hurons at Quebec, 16.50-1790; (b) Secular Priests with the Hurons at Quebec, 1794-1909; Grand Chiefs, or Cap- tains of the Quebec Hurons.
For III. Migrations in the W'est of the Petun, or Tobacco, Nation (Tionnontates, Etionnontates, Khionnontatehronon, Dinondadies, etc.) see Petun
N.\TION.
I. The Hurons Before Their Dispersion.
1. Their Place in the Huron- Iroquois Family. — At some unknown date all the Iroquois and Huron tribes formed but one single people. This fact, noted more than two hundred and fifty years ago by Father Jerome Lalemant, has since been acknowledged by every modern Indian philologist as fidly established. If language may be taken as a fair criterion to go by, the Hurons proper were the original stock from which sprang all the branches of the great Iroquoian family, whether included in the primitive confederation of the Five Nations, or standing apart territorially, within historic times, as did the Tuskaroras, the Cherokees, and the Andastes. Father Chaumonot, who was thoroughly versed in the Huron and Iroquois tongues, and who had lived as missionary among both nations, says in his autobiography that "as this language [the Huron] is, so to speak, the mother of many others, particularly of the five spoken by the Iroquois, when I was sent among the latter, though at the time I could not understand their language, it took me but a month to master it; and later, after having studied the Onondaga dialect only, when present at the coun- cils of the Five Nations assembled, I found that by a special help of God I covdd understand them all." It was for this reason that Father de Carheil, the Indian philologist, who had laboured among the Onondagas and Cayugas, chose the Huron idiom as the subject matter of his standard work. He compiled his "Radices Huronicae", comprising some nine hundred and seventy verbal roots, as a text-book as well for future Iroquois missionaries as for Huron. A more modern authority, Horatio Hale, had no hesitation in saying that the Wyandots of the Anderdon Reserve used the most archaic form of the Huron-Iroquois speech that had yet been discovered. These \Vyan- dots were for the most part descendants of the Petun Indians, the nearest neighbours of the Hurons proper, who spoke a dialect but slightly different from that of the latter.
2. Their Name. — Father Pierre Potier, whose works, still in manuscript, are appealed to as the weightiest authority in Huron linguistics, at the end of his " Ele- menta Grammaticse Huronics" (1745) gives a list of the names of thirty-two North American tribes with their Huron equivalents, and in this list the term Ouendat stands for Huron. It is the correct appella- tion, and was used as such by the Hurons themselves. The proper English pronunciation is Wendat, but the modified form of Wyandot has prevailed.
