Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/802

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INDIA


730


INDIA


which must be made in order to liring the figures into relation with the Government census of India. Tiie following estimate of the Catholic population has been compiled from the "Madras Catholic Directory " for 1909, eked out in a few instances from other sources.




Catho-


Province, Diocese, etc.


Predominant Clergy


lic Popula- tion


Province of Agra: —




Archdiocese of Agra


Italian Capuchins


9422


Diocese of Allahabad


Italian Capuchins


7600


Diocese of Lahore


Belgian Capuchins


5700


Prefecture A. of Rajpu-




tana


French Capuchins


3S49


Prefecture A. of Bettiah


Tyrolese Capuchins


36.13


Prefecture A. of Kash-




mir


St. Joseph's, Mill Hill


5000


Province of Calctttta: —




Archdiocese of Calcutta


Belgian Jesuits


86.775


Diocese of Krishnagar


Foreign Missions of Milan


5535


Diocese of Dacca


Cong, of the Holy Cross


11.150


Prefecture A. of Assam


Soc. of Our Divine Saviour


2500


Province of Bombay: —




Archdiocese of Bombay


German Jesuita


19.979


Diocese of Poona


German Jesuits


15.487


Diocese of Trichinopoly


French Jesuits


245.255


Diocese of Mangalore


Italian Jesuits


93.028


Province of Madras: —




Archdiocese of Madras


Mill Hill and Seculars


49.290


Diocese of Hyderabad


Foreign Missions of Milan


14.752


Diocese of Vjzagapatam


Cong, of S. Francis of Sales


14.169


Diocese of Nagpur


Cong, of S. Francis of Sales


12,820


Province of Goa: —




Archdiocese of Goa


Secular Clergy


335,031


Diocese of DamSo


Secular Clergy


72.002


Diocese of Cochin


Secular Clergy


97.259


Diocese of S. Thom^ (My-




lapur)


Secular Clergy


74.665


Province of Pondicherry: —




Archdiocese of Pondi-




cherry


Foreign Missions of Paris


143.125


Diocese of Mysore


Foreign Missions of Paris


46.708


Diocese of Coimbatore


Foreign Missions of Paris


3S.731


Diocese of Kumbakonam


Foreign Missions of Paris


8S.054


Diocese of Malacca


Foreign Missions of Paris


26.000


Province of Verapoly: —




Archdiocese of Verapoly


Spanish Carmelites


71.142


Diocese of Quilon


Belgian Carmelites


116.090


Vicariate A. of Eraakulam


Secular Priests


93.011


Vicariate A. of Trichur


Secular Priests


91,998


Vicariate A. of Changa-




nacherry


Secular Priests


140.272


Province of Ceylon: —




Archdiocese of Colombo


Oblates of Mary Immacu-




late


205.521


Diocese of Jaffna


Oblates of Mary Immacu-




late


45.500


Diocese of Kandy


Benedictines


27,938


Diocese of Galle


French Jesuits


10.160


Diocese of Trincomalee


Belgian Jesuits


8753


The Vicariates of Burma: —




North Burma


Foreign Missions of Paris


7717


South Burma


Foreign Missions of Paris


4S.525


East Burma


Foreign Missions of Milan


13,000


Totalfor the whole group, 2,407,146


The following notes will elucidate the table: — (1) Province of Goa. — In the Archdiocese of Goa 299,628 belong to Portuguese territory and 3.5,40.3 to British territory. In the Diocese of Damao 2,21.3 belong to Portuguese territory and G9,7.S9 to British territory. Out of these latter, 20,419 are Goanese living in Bombay island, vmder the personal and not territorial jurisdiction of Damao. The suffragan sees of Cochin and Mylapur are entirely in British territory. The more remote suffragan sees in Africa and the Far East are omitted from the list. (2) Prov- ince of Pondicherry. — In the Archdiocese of Pondi- cherry 25,859 belong to French territory and 117,266 to British territory. The suffragan sees are all in British India except Malacca, which is altogether outside India. (3) Province of Verapoly. — The three Vicariates of Ernakulam.Changanacherry , and Trichur consist of Catholics of the Syrian Rite, with a total of


325,281 (Thomas Christians). By subtracting the figures for French India, Portuguese India, Malacca, and Ceylon, and separating off the Syrian vicariates, the total results for the Indian Empire (including Burma) for the year 1908 are as follows: — Latin Cath- olics 1,439,066; Syrian Catholics 325,281. A com- parison with the census of 1901 reveals an increa.se of 190,32.5 Latin Cathohcs, and 2695 Syrian Catholics— which is probably a fair estimate of progress during the last eight years. As far as older statistics can be obtained for purposes of comparison, the total number of Catholics m British India (not including Burma or Ceylon) in 1857 was 801,8.58. In 1.S85 they had risen to 1,030,100, and in 1905 to 1,582,1,86.

Double Jurisdiction .^One of the peculiarities of ecclesiastical India, though not unknown in other parts of the Church, is the existence in certain places of what is popularly known as a 'double jurisdiction." The historical explanation lies in the fact that when the jurisdiction conflict was brought to a close in 1S86, the Padroado sphere of influence was not restricted to Portuguese territory, but allowed to remain in many parts of British India where the Padroado clergy were m actual possession. In the first place the See of Goa was allowed to retain a consideraljlc part of the coast country north and south of Goa; while the two ancient Sees of Cochin and Mylapur and the newly erected See of Damao were all three totally in British territory. But it happened that in the case of Mylapur there existed certain widely scattered and isolated parishes which were actually under Portuguese clerical administration, and these were retained as exempted churches in the midst of Propa- ganda territory. Thus to the Bishop of Mylapur belong no fewer than fifteen separate churches scat- tered over the Diocese of Trichinopoly, with others in Madras, Calcutta, and Dacca giving a total number of twenty-eight. In the I.sland of Salsette, near Bom- bay, which was made over to the Diocese of Damao, six churches remained attached to the Propaganda jurisdiction of Bombay. In some of these places both jurisdictions exist side by side, the one holding terri- torial sway, the other possessing exemption. In Bombay a more special arrangement was made — the archbishop under Propaganda enjoying territorial jurisdiction, while the Bishop of Damao holds personal jurisdiction over those who are Goanese by birth or otherwise connected with Padroado rule; and a certain complicated code exists for determining the jurisdiction to which individuals belong (see under Goa; Bomb.\y; Damao; St. Thomas ok Mylapur). In the .\rchdiocese of Verapoly (Malabar Coast) another form of double jurisdiction exists, this time based on a difference of rite. There the Latins are under the Archbishop of Verapoly, while the Syrian Christians (Syrians not by race but by liturgj- only) in the same territorial limits are assigned to three vicars Apostolic of the same rite.

The Catholic Clergy. — Under the Portuguese regime, the first missionary work was done by the rehgious orders. In course of time a large body of native secular clergy came into existence, some of whom strongly developed the apostolic spirit; but in general their work was to take charge of the parishes and mission-stations which had already been founded by the missionary orders. On the expulsion of the religious orders from Portuguese territory in 1834, the whole care of the faithful devolved on the secular clergy, who at present work in the Dioceses of Goa, Cochin, Mylapur, and Damao — a few being European Portuguese, and the rest natives of India. Of recent years a few Jesuits have been introduced in the parts which lie outside Portuguese territory.

Similarly the vicariates Apostolic were initiated and continued to be worked by European mission- aries of different orders and nationalities, assisted by such secular native or other priests as they were able