LEO
158
LSO
sations against him. After a few monthfi' stay in
Germany, the Frankish monarch caused him to be
escorted back to Rome, where he was received with
every demonstration of joy by the whole populace,
natives and foreigners. The pope's enemies were then
tried by Charlemagne's envoys and, being unable to
establish either Leo's guilt or their own innocence,
were sent as prisoners to France (Frankland). In
the following year (800) Charlemagne himself came to
Rome, and the pope and his accusers were brought
face to face. The assembled bishops declared that
• they had no ri^ht to judge the pope; but Leo of his own free will, m order, as he said, to dissipate any suspicions in men's minds, declared on oath that he was wholly guiltless of the charges which had been brought against him. At his special request the death sentence which had been passed upon his principal enemies was commuted into a sentence of exile.
A few days later, Leo and Charlemagne again met. It w|is on Christmas Dav in St. Peter's. After the Gospel had been sung, the pope approached Charle- magne, who was kneeling before the Confession of St. Peter, and placed a crown upon his head. The as- sembled multitude at once made the basilica ring with the shout: To Charles, the most pious Augustus, crowned by God, to our great and pacific emperor life and victory! " By this act was revived the Empire in the West, and, in theory, at least, the world was de- clared by the Church subject to one temporal head, as Christ had made it subject to one spiritual head. It was imderstood that the first duty of the new emperor was to be the protector of the Roman Church and of Christendom against the heathen. With a view to combining the East and West under the effective rule of Charlemagne, Leo strove to further the project of a marriage between him and the Eastern empress Irene. Her deposition, however (801), prevented the realiza- tion of this excellent plan. Some three years after the departure of Charlemagne from Rome (801), Leo again crossed the Alps to see him (804) . According to some he went to discuss with the emperor the division of his territories l)etween his sons. At any rate, two years later, he was invited to give his assent to the emperor's provisions for the said partition. Equally while acting in harmony with the pope, Charlemagne combatted the heresy of Adoptionism which had arisen in Spain; but he went somewhat further than his spir- itual ^de when he wished to bring about the general insertion of the Filioque in the Nicene Creed. The two were, however, acting together when Salzburg was made the mctropolitical city for Bavaria, ana when Fortunatus of Urado was compensated for the loss of his see of Grado by the gift of tiiat of Pola. The joint action of the pope and the emperor was felt even m England. Through it Eardulf of Northumbria re- covered his kingdom, and the dispute between Ean- bald. Archbishop of York, and Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury, was regulated.
Leo had, nowever, many relations with England solely on his own account. By his command the synod of Beccanceld (or Clovesho, 803) condemned the appointing of laymen as superiors of monasteries. In accordance with the wishes of Ethelheard, Archbishop of Canterbury, Leo excommunicated Eadbert Praen for seizing the throne of Kent, and withdrew the pal- lium which had been granted to Lichfield, authorizing the restoration of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the See of Canterbury " j ust as St. Gregory the Apostle and Master of the nation of the English had arranged it". Leo was also called upon to intervene in the quarrels between Archbishop Wulfred and Cenulf, King of
• Mercia. Very little is known of the real causes of the inisunderstandings between thorn, but, whoever was the more to blame, the archbishop seems to have had the more to suffer. The king appears to have induced ihe pope to suspend him from the exercise of his epis-
copal functions, and to keep the kingdom under a
kind of interdict for a period of six yeare. Till the
hour of his death (822), greed of gold caused Cenulf to
continue his persecution of the archbishop. It also
caused him to persecute the monastery of Abingdon,
and it was not until he had received from its abbot
a large sum of money that, acting, as he declared,
at the request of "the lord Apostolic and moet
glorious Pope Leo", he decreed the inviolability of
the monastery.
During the pontificate of Leo, the Church of Con- stantinople was in a state of unrest. The monks, who at this period were flourishing under the guidance of such men as St. Theodore the Studite, were suspicious of what they conceived to be the lax principles of their patriarch Tarasius, and were in vigorous oppo- sition to the evil conduct of their emperor Constantme VI. To be free to marry Theodota, their sovereign had divorced his wife Maria. Though Tarasius con- demned the conduct of Constantine, still, to avoid greater evils, he refused, to the profound diseust of the monks, to excommunicate him. For their con- demnation of his new marriage Constantine pimished the monks with imprisonment and exile. In their distress the monks turned for help to Leo, as they did when they were maltreated for opposing the arbitrary reinstatement of the priest whom Tarasius had de- graded for marrying Constantine to Theodota. The pope replied, not merely with words of praise and en- couragement, but also by the dispatch of rich pres- ents; and, after Michael I came to the Byzantine throne, he ratified the treaty between him and Charlemagne which was to secure peace for East and West.
Not only in the last mentioned transaction, but in all matters of importance, did the pope and the Frank- ish emperor act m concert. It was on Charlemagne's advice that, to ward off the savage raids of the Sara- cens, Leo maintained a fleet, and caused his coast line to be regularly patrolled by his ships of war. But be- cause he did not feel competent to keep the Moslem pirates out of Corsica, he entrusted the guarding of it to the emperor. Supported by Charlemagne, he was able to recover some of the patrimonies of the Roman Church in the neighbourhood of Gaeta, and again to administer them through his rectors. But when the great emperor died (28 Jan., 814), evil times once more broke on Leo. A fresh conspiracy was formed against him, but on this occasion the pope was apprised of it before it came to a head. He caused the chief con- spirators to be seized and executed. No sooner had tnis plot been crushed than a number of nobles of the Campagna rose in arms and plundered the country. They were preparing to march on Rome itself, when they were overpowered by the Duke of Spoleto, acting imder the orders of the King of Italy (Langobardia). The large sums of monev which Charlemagne gave to the papal treasury enabled Leo to become an efficient helper of the poor and a patron of art, and to renovate the churches, not only of Rome, but even of Ravenna. He employed the imperishable art of mosaic not merely to portray the political relationship between Charlemagne and himself, but chiefly to decorate the churches, especially his titular church of St. Susanna. Up to the end of the sixteenth century a fi^pire of Leo in mosaic was to be seen in that ancient church.
Leo III was buried in St. Peter's, (12 June, 816), where his relics are to be found along with those of Sts. Leo 1, 1^0 II, and Leo IV. He was canonized in 1673. The silver denarii of Leo III stil) extant bear the name of the Frankish emperor upon them as well as that of Leo, showing thereby the emperor as the protector of the Church, and overlord of the city of Rome.
Liber P<mtificalis. ed. Duchxsks, II (Paris, 1892). 1 tqq.l Codex CarolinuM, ed. JaffA (Berlin, 1867); iifmofet Binhar^
