XXXV (LoadoD
CoiHcb (Xontml. 1910): Tn , .
^M^ JtfiH, Kat. BitL (New Yoik. lW)6)i «ee >bo I:
Jaueb Mookkt.
(Limana).— The city of
lima, in the Department of the »aine name, ik the
capital of the Repubhc of Peru, South America. Af-
ter tho coaquest of the Incae in the sixteenth eenturj',
Puarra, coaiiinced of the uecciutity of arapital near the
coast, chose a 9it« about 6(M) feet above the sea level,
on the right bank of the River Rimac (of which name
Lima is probably a corruption), and the first atone of
the cathedral in the wide ptaza was laid by Piiairo. on
18 January, 1535. Cuzco had been the Inca capital,
and in 15^ Ftay Valvcrdc hod liecn named Bishop of
Ctueo. Lima continued to grow in importance, and in
1543 was mode the see of a diocese which became un
arehdioceBe in 1515. Its first bishop and archbishop
was the Dominican Loayso. He died in 1575 and
was succeeded by St. Torribio Mogrovejo, who died
of fever oontiaoted intheforests where he was visiting
and bwtixing the Indians, whose language (Quichua;
he had mastered. In 1551 the Univei^ity of ,Saii
Marco*, th« firat in the new world, was founded at
Lima, and t« this day it remains autonomous, and
outside all Government influence. It is an important
aeat of learning, having eight faculties, including
theology. In lo67 the Jesuilji arrived at Lima, began
founding schools and colleges, and introduced the
printing press. It is of interest that the first book
Srinted in the New World was a catechism issued om the Jesuit press at Juli on Lake Titicaca in 1577.
Owing to its commodious harlx>ur at Collao, nine milca distant, the town of Lima dcvelope<l rapidly aiid was the centre of the Spanii<h trade monopoly, which lasted until the Treaty of Utrecht (171^). Ita do- mestic affairs followed the chtuiging fortunes of the viceroys of Peru throughout the Colonial period (1542-1816). San Slartin broke the Spanish power in 1821, and on 28 Feb., 1823, Riva Afciiero entered upon office as first President of Peru, and took over the government at Lima.
During the war with Chile, Limn was aF!^ultod and fell, 14 January, 1881; its national library was turned into a barrack, and many valuable books and MS3. were destroved or sold as waste paper, works of art were carried off or broken by the victorious Chileans, who occupied the town for two years and nine months. After the evacuation Lima suffered from the political rivalries of Cdceros and Iglesins, and there wiw civil discord until the presidency of Nicolas dc I'li'rola (1895), who in 1898 yielded the office to Lduanio Romaiia, a Stonyhurst scholar, who held it until 1903. Everything now (1010) promises peace; political discussions are kept within bounds, and party gov- ernment is caniea on without bitterness or undue friction.
There are thne ways of reaching Lima from Eu- rope or North America; (1) by soiling to Colon, cross- ing the Isthmus of Panama, and Inking Imat from Panama to CaUao; (2) via, the Straits of Magellan; (3) by going to the river port of louitos, 2500 miles up the Amaion from the Atlantic, wiieneu, by steamer and isil, the journey to Lima is aL>out 1200 miles. The trade n-ith Lima and Callao is largely in the bands of British merchants. The main *^xpons arc sugar, cotton, olives, wool, and tol>acco. The city is built in parallel and cross streets, with a central plaai, of which the cathedral occupies one side, and the various government buildings extend along another. At va- rious times it has been damaged by earthquakes, the most serious being that of 174G, when Callao was swept away by a tidal wave, and Lima was almost reduOBd to ruins. The public buildings are hand- aoms, and indude the House of Congress and the
llxuusition Pork. Spanish arvliitfcture predominates,
and a n'alk through the streets is like a clupter in
st«no from old Siiajn. Among the monuments are the
statue of Columbus, the statue of Bolivar, the "Sec-
ond of Hay" monument (commemorating the defeat
of the Spaniards in 1866), and the Oologiiesi monu-
mcjit. The population is variously computed at
between 140,000 and 150,000. The press is ably
represented by two daily papers, the "Comercio"
and the " Prunsa". Education is free and obligatory
and the public exercise of refigion other than the
(.'atliolic, while allowed by courtesy, is not recogniied
The Cttthe<lral, dedicated to St. John the Evan- gelist, was b^un when Pizorro founded Lima; it took ninety years to build, and was consecrated in 1G25. . It -suffered considprably from the earthquake of 1746, and ui the restoration which followed the two great towers were added. It is a handsome structure with
Li>u
and ten side chapels, one of which contains
is of Pizarro. Its artistic treasures are valt^
able, and its high altar is adorned with a ])ainting by
Murillo. Other churches of note in the town are San
Francisco, Santo Domingo. I^ Merced, and Sun Au-
gustin. SanPedroandSan Pablo formerly Ijelongcdto
the Jesuits; Satito Domingo was built by Pizorro, and
contains n relic of the True Cross. Thert arc, more-
over, twcli-c conventH. including Sunta Rosa, where
the IxKly of Saint Rose, Lima's patron saint, is pre-
served. In all tlicre arc sixty-six religious houses or
estiibli.shmcntfl in tlic town.
'I'lie archdioccw ineluiica the Department of Lima, having an area of 13,310 sq, mileia and a population of 250.000, At the present time its sulTrugiin i^ccs arc Arc(|itipa, Ciuco, Puno. IIudniic-o,Avuciichn, Iluanu, Tnijillo, and Chacluipoyas. Tin- last Hpanish arch- bisliop was Bartholome cle las Iloras, who was ex- pelled by San Martin, in IS21. He retnmrd to Sjiain, where he died at the age of eighty, in 1S2,1. The See of Lima remained vacant until Jmie, 1834, when a native archbishop was installed. The pnsii'nt arch- bishop, Pedro Manuel Clareia Naranjo, was Ixim at Lima, 29 April, 1838, and was appointed 19 Decem- ber, 1907.
Enoch, Fitu. Tin Preiiml ami Fnr
90S); WTnoaT.Thrf}l.lan.llli,\n
IL-Jib. The iipniiith I-.oiilf (Lonrlo:
aU (leiOJi QtmrrhM Calbilica Ul>
^iliiatiim (Npw York.
""■"-'flphia, 1908):
mirr PoMi]i
ru (III
