LISBON
281
LISBON
Latm at the Collegium Trilingue of Louvain (1503).
thea hiatoriographir to the King of Spain (1505), and
later honorary member of the State Coimcil (1605).
To ffive a proof of his piety, he wrote the " De Cruce"
(1593), in which confusion between patibtdum and
ertix often make the conclusions debatable.
Lipsius contemplated writing a general treatise on Roman antiquities (Fax histonca), and, as a result of his studies, produced treatises on the army (De militia romana ", Antwerp, 1595), and on the defence and at- tack of fortified towns ("Poliorccticon", Antwerp, 1596), a kind of statistical work on tlic Roman Empire ("A(l- miranda," 1598), short dissertations upon libraries, upon Vesta, and the Vestals (1602). However, everj- now and then, his relie:ious wanderings wore recalloii to the public mind. He succeeded in producing the iinpression that one of his former discourses of Jena, "lie duplici concordia, published at Zurich in 1599, was not his. He himself called forth the sneers and and the refutations of the Protestants by describing the veneration and the miracles of Our Lady of Hal (1604) , and of Our Lady of Mont aigu ( 1 605) . His co- religionists greatly respected and triLstcd him. In 15^ Archduke Albert and his wife Isabella, having come on a visit to l/ouvain, expressed the wish to have him prepare a I^atin oration, which he did within two hours. He chose as a subject the greatness of a prince, from a passage of Seneca (De Clementia, I, iii). Many imaginary accoimts have been given of this speech. Lipsius (ud not broach the subject of clemency, and still less did he interrupt one of his lectures to luring it up before the princes. The discourse was published in 1600, with Pliny's panegyric of Trajan and a com- mentary on this work. But Lipsius's most im]X)rtant works of this period were on Seneca and Stoicism. He wished to explain in detail the Stoic philosonhy, for which he professed the greatest admiration, objecting only to its toleration of suicide. He had time only for a general outline of the system and of its place in an- cient philosophy ("Manuductionisad stoicam philo- sophiun libri III", 1604), and an analysis of the theol- 04^, the physics, and the cosmology of the Stoics (nPhysiolo^sB stoicorum libri III", 1604); he had not time to w^rite the ethics. Nevertheless these two works are even to-day the most complete treatise ever written on Stoicism as a whole. The "Seneca" was published in 1605, with a dedication to Pope Paul V. Unfortunately, Lipsius was misled by a poor manu- script which he oelieved excellent, and the com- mentary concema the Epistles to Lucilius only. His last work was a description and history of I^uvain (1605).
Before his death he gave solemn expression to his faith. His manuscripts have lxH?n in the I^eydcn li- brary since 1722. There liave bctm four editions of his complete works (Lyons, 1613; Antwerp, 1614; Ant- werp, 1637, a vciy nne one; Wesel, 1675). In religion, for a lonff time, Lipsius held alooif from both parties. His "PoRtica" (1589) were considerwl too severe in Holland and too tolerant at Rome. He escaped being placed on the Index only by accepting torture as a k|^timate last resort to bring back heretics (1593). He believed, however, in sorcerers, in charms and spells, and in the commerce of witches with devils, from which children were l)orn (Phys. stoic, p. 61). His philological work is brilliant, but at times supcr- ficiaL He knew little Greek, but was well acquainted with Roman antiquity. His '* Tacitus" is a master- piece of discernment and erudition. His I>atin style is peculiar. He chose to imitate the style of Tacitus and Apuleius, which caused him to })e criticised by Henr>' Estienne (1595). Notwithstanding some imperfec- tions, he is, with Joseph Scaliger, Casaubon, and Sau- maise, one of the most eminent representatives of classical philology between 1550 and 1650.
RoKiuiCH in Bitlioor, nationnU- puNife par VAcadAniie dr fi«J|9igtt«, XII (Bruiwel^, 1802.>, LM»; van i>kr Hakoen, fiibliogr.
NoMffUM In BUM. btiffica (Ghent, 1886-6): autobiography of
lipsiufl in Epittolarvm eenturia mUceUCt 111, 87; Halm mABg,
de^iUehe Bioifr-* XVIII, 741: Nxsabd, Le iriumvirat litUrairt au
XV I* ttikcUt J. Lipte, J, Scaliger^ et Caaattbon (Paris, 1852);
Urucbb, Gesch, der kloM. AUrrtunuvpisscfuchaft in Muixeb,
Handbucht I (2nd ed., Munich, ISOl), 62: Sandys, A history of
classical acholarship, II (Cambridge, 1908), 301.
Paul Lejay.
Lisbon, Patriarchate OF ^Lisbonensis), includes the districts of Lisbon and Santarein. The area of the district of Lisbon is 3065 sq. miles; pop. 709,509 (1900). Area of Santarem 2,555 sq. miles; pop. 283,- 154.
Lisbon is said to owe its origin to Ulysses, and hence its oldest name Ulissypo or Olissipo, which l:)ecame on Phoenician lips Alisubbo, meaning the " friendly bay". Its charm was acknowledged by the Romans in the name they gave it, Feliciias Julm; and when the Moors came they changed it back to Al Aschbuna, a variant of the PhcEinician title. From Alisubbo and Al Asch- buna we have the later name Lissalx)na, whence the modern Portuguese Lisboa and the English Lis1)on. It lies on the north bank of the Tagus, 12 miles from the open sea, clustered around seven hills that rise above one another, ending in the Serra of Cintra.
The town was taken by the Moors in 716 and re- mained in their possession until 1145, when Affonso Henriques with the assistance of an anny of Crusaders, English, Normans and Flemings bound for the Holy Land, drove out the invaders, and removed the capital of the country from Coimbra to Lisbon. An English monk named Gin>ert who was with the expedition was chosen Bishop of Lisbon at this time. On two occa- sions the city sufFcrcd from disastrous earth<iuakes; in 1531 more than 1500 houses were destroyed, besides many churches and palaces. On 1 Noveniber, 1755, a second disastrous earthquake shook the city and more than 30,000 of the inhaoitants i>erished. To add to the misery, a fire broke out which lasted four da^-s. Car\'alho, Marquis of Pombal, at that tinie Minister of War, took charge of the panic-stricken city, and having extinguished the flames, drew up plans for the re- building of Lisbon. A bronze equestrian statue of King Jos6 with a medallion of Pombal, was erected in the new Pracja do Commcrcio to commemorate the re- building. Except in this new cjuarter, around the Pra^a do Commcrcio, the streets of Lisbon are irregu- lar and steep, but there is an elaborate electric trolley system connecting all parts of the town, and the as- cenmres or giant lifts help to overcome the diflicultiesof higli and low levels. Tnere are fountains everywhere and the streets are lined by trees, of which the olaia or
i' udas-tree is the most common. The oldest portion of jisbon is along the steep slopes of the Castello de 8. Jorge, which had Ijcen the st ronghold of the Moors. In the neighbourhood of the Cathedral or Se, Roman re- mains have l)een found including the ruins of a Roman Theatre. The S^ or Cathedral of Santa Maria is the oldest church in Lisbon; it dates back to the year 300. It served as a mosque for the Moors during their occupation of the city, and the facade with its towers ami massive portico was rebuilt during the fourteenth centur^^ It has lx?en restorerl many times.
Outside what were the old walls of Lisbon stands the church of S. Vincente da Fora (St. Vincent's with- out) with a monaster^' attached, which is now the residence of the Patriarch of Lisbon. The church con- tains the mortuary chapel of the Kings of the House of Braganza, and the great constable Nuno. Alvara Periera lies buried here. St. Vincent is the patron saint of Lisbon; he was martyred for the Faith under Diocletian. Acconling to the legend, his brnly was attached to a millstone and flung into the sea (330), but was miraculouslv discovered on the sands at Val- encia by some Christians of that place. In the eighth oenturj the Moors took Valencia, and the inhabitants fled by sea, taking the n'li(»s of St. Vincent with them. They were driven ashon' on 1 lie c»iast of Aliturvo vvX^^
