III. UPPER LORRAINE.—After Lower Lorraine re- ceived the name of Brabant, Upper Lorraine became known simply as Lorraine. The latter was split up among numerous small countships and the dioceses of Mets, Toul, and Verdun, which from early times had been immediate fiefs of the empire. The history of these bishoprics is the history of the Church in Lorraine, Mets being the centre and head of the whole ecclesiastical organization. The larger, Bouthern, half was under the jurisdiction of the See of Toul. The secular power was conferred by Emperor Henry III, in 1048, upon the wealthy Count Gerhard of Alsace, whose descendanto reigned there for seven hundred years. Under Emperor Otto I the monas. teries were reformed by Bishop Albero I (928-63); Stephen, of the powerful house of Bar, Bishop and Cardinal of Mets 1120-63, brought the newly-founded Premonstratensian and Cistercian Orders into the country. Completo political rest never really existed. When not repelling the attacks of France, Lorraine was occupied with intestine wars, either among the spiritual principalities mentioned above or among the Counto of Bar, Bitsch, Vaudemont, and other tem- poral lords. Besides, the dukes were, as a rule, in- volved in the quarrels of the German suzerain and also took part in the Crusades; for piety and devotion to the Church distinguished most of them, in spito of their warlike character.
Duke Theobald II (1304-12) at a meeting of the Diet settled the rights of inheritance upon his female as well as male descendants. Isabella, daughter of Charles I, accordingly mounted the throne in 1431, and, with her, her consort René of Anjou and Bar, who brought the last-named duchy to Lorraine. When this female line became extinct in 1473 the male line of Vaudemont succeeded under René II (1473- 1508). He successfully defended his country against Charles the Bold of Burgundy (1477), and to his maternal inheritance of Lorraine, Bar, Pont-à-Mous- son, and Guise he united the dignities received from his father Vaudemont, Joinville, Aumale, Mayenne, and Elbœuf and kept up Anjou's pretensions to Naples and Sicily. René II, by forcing the election of his uncle Henry II as bishop in 1484, brought the ad- ministration of the Sea of Metz to the House of Lor- raine, and Bishop John IV of Vaudemont (1518-43and 1548-50), as Cardinal of Lorraine and papal legate for that country, united in his own hands Bar and the principalities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, the episcopal power over Toul, Terouanne, Narbonne, Die-Valence, Verdun, Luçon, Reims, Alby, Lyons, Agen, and Nantes; and was Abbot of Goze, Fécamp, Cluny, Marmoutier, Saint-Ouen, and Saint-Mansuy.
The Reformation, after being forcibly averted by Duke Anton (1508-44), obtained a transitory foot- hold only in a few of the eastern districts, and in the Beventeenth century it was constrained to give way entirely to Catholicism. In 1552 the great French encroachments recommenced, when Henry II, as the ally of the German Protestant princes, annexed Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and Lorraine itself was occupied until 1559. At that time the spiritual life received a new stimulus under Bishop Henry III of Metz (1012- 52) through the erection of monasteries of Benedictines at Saint-Barbo; Carmelites at Metz; Minims at Dieuze, Nomeny, and Bassing: Capuchins at Vic, Diedenhofen, Saarburg, and Bitsch; and Jesuit houses at Metz and Buckenheim. St. Vincent de Paul interested himself in the districts which suffered so severely in the Thirty Years' War. By the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648, Metz, Toul, and Verdun were formally ceded to France, which had re-occupied the Duchy of Lorraine In 1632, and by the Treaty of 1661 territory was ceded to Louis XIV, which thus secured to him a passage across Lorraine to Alsace. In 1697, by the Peace of Ryswick, he gave the duchy to Duke Leopold Joseph (1697-1729). In 1738, by the Peace of Vienna, it was granted to the former King of Poland, Stanislaus Leczinski, after whose death in 1766 it reverted to France. In the ecclesiastical jurisdiction a series of changes took place. In 1598 Duke Charles had tried to erect a bishoprio at Nancy for his duchy; but in 1602 only a collegiato chapter was established there. In 1778 the episcopal See of Nancy was really founded, and the bishop received the title of Primate of Lor raine. At the same period the Sea of Saint-Die was founded, while that of Toul was abolished in 1790. By the division of France into departments, in 1790, the "Province of the Three Bishoprics", as it had been known since 1552, with the Provinces of Lorraine and Bar, were divided into the departments of Moselle, Meurthe, Vosges, and Meuse. The jurisdictions of Baarwerden, Herbitzheim, and Diemeringen, for the most part. Protestant, became incorporated with the departments of the Lower Rhine in 1793.
IV. AFTER 1871.-By the Peace of Frankfort, 10 May, 1871, France was obliged to cede to Germany from this Province the Department of Meurthe and the arrondissements of Saarburg and Château Salina, The German Lorraine of to-day comprises, of the old province of that name: Metz, with the Pays Messin, the temporal possessions of the old Bishopric of Mets; parts of the Duchy of Luxemburg; parts of the upper Rhine district; the former imperial Margravates of Pont-à-Mousson and Nomency; the imperial Princi- palitics of Pfalzburg and Lixheim; half of the Count- ship of Salm; the jurisdiction of the Abbey of Gorse; the Lordship of Bitsch; further, the royal fiefs ac quired from the See of Mets; Blamont, Saarburg, Saareck, Saaralben, Homburg, etc. In order to bring the ecclesiastical into harmony with the political boundaries, Nancy, in 1874, surrendered eighty-three parishes of the district of Château-Salins and one hun- ared and four of the Saarburg district (aggregating 106,027 souls) to the Diocese of Mets. In 1871 the new limits of Lorraine included 451,633 Catholics, 13,407 Protestants, 176 other Christians, and 629 who profess other religions.
CHEVRIER, Histoire de Lorraine (Brumela, n. d.); CALMIT, Histoire exciáriaatique de Lorraine (4 vols., Cowes, 1728, 7 vol, Ryde, 1745-47); DORIVAL, Description de la Lorraine et de Barrois (4 vols., Nancy, 1779-83); WILLICH. Die Entalhong des Herzogtums Lothringen (Göttingen, 1882); BENO, L Protestants du duché da Lorraine In Rev. & Alance (1885). 85-50, 186-209, 400-24, 513-39; (1886), 56-80; BEGIN, Houre de Lorraine des trois évéchés (Nancy. 1683); HARBONVILLE, Histoire de la réunion de la Lorraine à la France ( vols., Paris, 1854); FITTE, Das staatsrechtliche Verhältn der Herzogtume Lothringen zum deutschen Reiche seit 1642 (Stresburg, 1891); SAUERLAND, Vatikanische Regesten zur Geschichte Dedach Lothringens in Jahrbuch d. Gesellschaft f. Lothring. Geschichte X (1888), 195-235; IDEM, Vatikanische Urkunden u. Repr Quellen ur lothring. Gesch I (Mets, 1000-); DERICHAWEILET, Geschichte Lothringens (2 vol, Wiesbaden, 1901).-Periodicals: Annales de Hat (Nancy and Paris, 1887-); L'Austrasie (Mets, 1837-): Jahrbuch der Ges. lolhr. Geschichte (Mets, 1888-): Journal de la Socité d'Archéol, Lorraine (Nancy, 1853); M moires el Documenta de in Soc. d'Arch. Lorr. (Nancy, 1849-73): Revue cocl siastique de Mels (Mets, 1890-). See also bibliographies under ALBACH-LORRAINE; MATE: TOUL, etc.
OTTO HARTIG.
Lorsch Abbey (LAURESHAMENSE MONASTERIUM). called also LAURISSA and LAURESHAM, one of the most renowned monasteries of the old Franco-German Em- pire, is situated about ten miles east of Worms in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany. This abbey was founded in 764 by Count Cancor and his widowed mother Williswinda. Having built a church and monastery on their estate, Laurissa, they entrusted its government to the care of Chrodegang, Archbishop of Metz. This well-known and saintly prelate dedicated the church and monastery in honour of St. Peter the Apostle, and became its first abbot. The pious founders enriched the new abbey by further dona. tions. In 766 Chrodegang resigned the office of abbot owing to his other important duties as Archbishop of Mets. He then sent his brother Gundeland to Lorsch as his successor, with fourteen Benedictine monks. To
