LTJBIOK 402 LUBSOK
Tiedemann (d. 1561). Eberhard von Holle (1564- trade for the first two decades of the eighteenth cen-
86) openly espoused Protestantism in 1565, intro- tnry, the prosperity of Ltibeck gradually increased,
dvksed the Reformation ahnost completely into the although the town was far removed from the great
cathedral chapter, and, in 1571, surrendered even trade-routes of the world. The Imperial Delegates'
the choir of the cathedral to the preachers. Enactment of 1803 (see Germany) brought it a small
With the eleven-year-old Johann Adolf, who was increase of territory by assigning to it the portion of the first Bishop to many (1596), beean the succession that diocese (the area capituli) which lay within its of bishops from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, in boundaries; the remainder fell to the Duchy dfOlden- whose possession this bishopric — the only Lutheran burg, to which the episcopal line of the House of Got- bishopric of Germany — remained, even after the torp had succeeded in 1773, and forms to-day the Peace of Westphalia, until the secularization of 1803. Oldenburg principality of Liibcek. As the imperial Most of the canonries also fell into the hands of the del^ates nad also guaranteed Lubeck perpetual neu- Protestants: on 1 Jan., 1624, the Catholics still occu- traUty, and the citizens had begun to level the fortifi- pied 6 canonries. 13 vicarships, and 4 prebends in the cations, they were unable to offer any rcs^i.stance to the cathedral; at the end of the seventeenth century French, who, after the Battle of Jena, in 1806, pur- they held only four canonries. It was owing to the sued Bluchcr northwards. Occupie<l by the French continued existence of a remnant of Catholic property on 5 November, the town was pillaged for three days, within the city that Catholicism did not utterly perish and remained in their possession until 1813. For the in Ltibeck. The care of the few Catholics there (in 1709, Catholics, who then numbered between 500 and 600, fourteen families with sixty members within the city the foreign occupation brought, in some measure, aii and about forty outside) was entrusted to a missionary equality of rights with the Prot<istants, and the liberty paid by the canons. This missionary was, as a rule, — never since contested — of baptizing and marrying one of the Jesuits who, from 1651, were permanently their co-religionists according to Catholic rites, with- established within the cathedral domain, or area, out outside interference. The Congress of Vienna rec- Tbe Catholics of LQbeck repeatedly received imperial ognized Ltibeck as a free member of the German letters of protection in favour of the free practice of League. Subsequently the town devoted itself with their religion. In 1683 the Catholic clergy were great energy to removing all the obstacles impeding granted the right of holding service within the cathe- the development of its commerce and navigation, oral area and administering the sacraments, and the These were due principally to the opposition of Den- right of the Catholics of the city to attend these ser- mark, which still occupied. Holstein. vices and receive the sacraments was never after- The Liberal Constitution of 1848, which guaranteed wards disputed. Concerning the right to administer to the middle classes a ^eat measure of influence in the sacraments of Baptism and Matrimony, disputes the government of the city side by side with the Sen- afterwards arose, ana, for the periods 1705-14 and ate, contributed -very p^tly to foster the pubUc 1775-1805, the Catholic priests did not dare to bap- spirit of the citizens and initiated a new period of pros- tine or many in public. The Jesuits resided with the perity for the old Hanse town. Its inclusion in the canons until 1702, when they founded a separate German Customs Union (Zollverein) opened to Lii- CBtablishment in which they held Catholic worship beck, in 1868, a great field of commercial activity. In until 1773. On the suppression of their order, the 1866 Ltibeck had imhesitatingly taken the side of fathers at first continued their pastoral duties as Prussia. In the new German Empire its position as secular priests, but other secular priests succeeded a free city is miimpaired: under the protection of the them in course of time. It was the French domina- Empire, and during the lon^ epoch of peace since 1871. tion, in 1811. which first brought an extension of it has developed, not precipitately, but steadily and reU^ous freeaom for CathoUcs. surely, and its population has more than doubled
In the sixteenth centuiy the political importance of (1871 : in the city, 39,743, and within the state boun-
LQbeck declined. The rash efforts of Burgomaster daries, 52,158; 1905: in the city, 91,541, and in the
JQigen Wullenweber (1533-35) to oust Dutch trade state, 105,857).
from the Baltic, to revive LQbeck*s hegemony there, The Catholics of Lubeck, whom immigration has in- and, in union with Count Christopher of Oldenbui^, creased almost threefold since 1871, are subiect to the to restore the exiled Christian II of Denmark to his Vicar Apostolic of the Northern Missions. The priests throne, ended, after some initial successes, unfortu- of the parish of Lubeck (1 pastor and 3 assistants) nately, and led to the decay of Ltibeck. Once more did minister to all the Catholics ot the free state, the Cath- it appear as an important pofitical factor, when war olics of the Principality of Lubeck, who live nearer to broke out between Denmark and Sweden in 1563, and Labeck than to Eutin, and a portion of the Catholics LObeck sustained, in union with the former, a vigor- of Ratzeburg, Lauenberg, Holstein, and Mecklenburg- ens and successful naval conflict against Sweden. The Schwerin. The Catholic soldiers are spiritually sub- Peace of Stettin, in 1570, guaranteed the town many ject to the armv provost at Berlin, who entrusts them of its claims, but the heavy cost of the war had im- to the care of the pastor at Lubeck. posed such a burden on it that it was henceforth with- By the Regulation of 18 March, 1904, which deter- out the resources for carrying on war. With the mines its relations towards the Catholic Church, the diminution, through various causes, of the power and state has reserved to itself the jus circa sacra. The influence of the whole Hansa, in the sixteenth and names of the clerey appointed by the Bishop of Osna- seventeenth centuries, that of Ltibeck also declined, brilck must be submitted to the Senate with copies of especially as Hamburg and Bremen were now gradu- all their certificates of studies. Religious orders and ally outstripping it in commerce. The town finally congregations may at any time be excluded by the sank into the position of a port of call between the Senate. Catholic citizens, who are taxed on an in- transatlantic and northern commerce. The Thirty come of more than 1000 marks, must pay a church Years' War imposed grievous burdens on the defence- tax; otherwise, the ecclesiastical revenue is derived less citizens in consetiuence of the repeated cjuartering from the general church and school funds, and — since of soldiers in the town. When, after its last diets in this is insufficient to meet the expenditure — ^from the 1630 and 1069, the Hansa was finally dissolved and voluntary contributions of the Catholics, who are there was formed a defensive alliance — Ltibeck, Ham- mostly poor, and from the Bonifatiusverein. To the buig, and Bremen, the Council of LObeck still retained assistance of this association is also due the erec- Che directorship as the sole remnant of its former posi- tion of the parish church of the Sacred Heart in the tkm of eminence. town (1888-91) and of the chapel-of-ease in the indus-
there a
/ijBJOIi
Ikin'n/^ t}ie lonf^ period of peace, following the con- trial district of Kiickiiitz (190€t-10). Since 1850 thei
ton of the Northern War which crippled Baltic lias l>een a Catholic school, which is conducteil by
