BIAODEBVRO
526
MAOBLLMT
rule (1807-1814). At the time of the secularization
(1803) there remained only the convent of St. Agnes
in the Neustadt Magdeburg, Marienstuhl near ESeln
andMariendorf, and the monastery at Althaldensleben.
Catholic parishes took their places. Before the reign
of Frederick the Great (1740) no Catholics were ad-
mitted to Magdeburg. In modern times the League
of St. Boniface has established mission parishes in the
suburbs of Ms^deburg as well as in other places.
MuLVERBTBDT, Regesta archiepiaeopatua Magdeburgmsia, I-rV (Magdebuis, 1876-1899) ; Uhijrz, GeschichU de» Erzbia- tum* Magdeburg urUer den Kaiaem aua dem SAchnschen Hausa (MagdebuJiS. 1887); Rathmann, OeaehichUderStadt Magdeburg, I-IV (ibid.. 1886-1886); Hoffmann. Chronik von, Magdeburg, I, II (2nd ed.. ibid., l885-«6): Wolter, QeschichU der Stadt Magdeburg (ibid., 3rd ed., 1901); Hauck, Kirchengeachichte Deutschlandii, III, IV (Leipzig, 1903-06); Urkundenhuch der Stadt Magdeburg, ed. von Hkrtel (Halle, 1892-06); Tbitob. Die Frage nach dem Urheber der Zeratdrung Magdeburga (Halle. 1904).
Klemenb LOffler.
Magdeburg, Centuriatobs of. See Cbntubia- TORs OF Magdeburg.
Mageddo, Chanaanitc city, called in HebreWj Me- giddo' in Sept., Ma7eW(i(y); in Assyrian, Magiddu, Magaadu; in the Amama tablets, Magidda and Makida; and in Egyptian, Maketi, IkiaJdtu, and Makedo.
Derivation. — Gesenius (Thes., p. 265) derives from root GDD which is in Hithpahel — "collect in crowd" (Jer., V, 7), and from whicn gedud — *' troop", is de- rived. Hence Megiddo — locus turmarum. Others de- rive from gdd — ^"'cut", and compare with #c«KoxroAievoj of Sept. at Zach., xii, 11. This suggests a survival of the name in the Nihr-ul-Miiqdttd', the ancient Cison (cf. Smith, "Historical Geography of Holy Land", p. 387).
History. — Mageddo, situated on the torrent Qina, on the east of the Plain of Esdraelon opposite Jezrahel, commanded the central of the three passes that join the plain with the seaboard. This pass, which offered the Best and shortest route from Egypt and the south to Northern Syria, Phoenicia, and Mesopotamia, was that commonly followed by the Assyrians, Egyptians, Philistines, Greeks, and Romans, and in modern times Napoleon's passage slightly to the north was feasible only because no lirlag^do threatened his rear. The Bame route served for caravans from the days of the "Mohar, the Egyptian traveller" under Rameses II ("Records of the Past", II, 107 sq.; Max Mailer,
- ' Asien und Europa", 195 sq.) and ol St. Paula, a. d.
382 ("Life" by St. Jerome, IV).
As the key to so important a pass, Mageddo must have been fortified long before the invasion of Thotmes I, about 1600 B. c. Thotmes III after a vigorous forced march, defeated the Syrian princes rallied there under the prince of Cades, and on the following day stormed ^e place, which he declared to be "worth a thousand cities". Traces of his assault are still visible on the ruins of the citadel (Mailer, "Asien", 275; "Rec- ords", I, II, pp. 35-47). On the arrival of the Israel- ites Mageddo nad a kmg of its own; they slew him, but the town proving impregnable was later subjected to tribute (Jos., xii, 21; xvii, 12, Judges, i, 27-28). Though situated in the territory of Issachar it was assigned to Manasses. The position chosen by Sisara for battle with Barac shows tnat Mageddo was friendly to him (Jud., v, 19). Solomon, who rebuilt the walls (III Kings, ix, 15; Jos., "Ant.", VIII, vi, 1), assigned this with other cities to Bana, the fifth of his governors {hi Kings, iv, 12). In the fifth year of Roboam Mageddo was captured by Sesac (Shoshenq, I-XXII Dyn.), as seen from lists at Kamak (Maspero, "His- toire", II, 774; Winckler, "Geschichte Israels", I, 160, but cf. "Encyc. Bibl.", s. w. "Egypt" and "Shishak"). Following IV Kings, ix, 27, Ochozias died at Mageddo (but contrast II Par., xxii, 9). Finally early in the seventh centurv Josias tried to bar Dear Mageado the advance of the Plmrao Nechao
itda Mesopotamia and "was slain when he had
him" (IV Kings, xxiii, 29-30; II Par., xxxv, 22;
towards Mesoi
seen
Jos., "Ant.", X, v,"i; Max Mmier, "MittheU. d. Vor- deras. Gesell.", ill, 1898, p. 54; but against cf. Zim- memand Winckler, "Die Keilin. und A. T.", 106, who follow Herodotus, II, clix). The mourning for thit calamity became proverbial (Zach., xii, 11). The warlike reputation of Mageddo is perhaps confirmed by Apoc, xvi, 16.
Idtniification. — ^Mageddo is identical with Tell-el Mtitesellfm at the extremity of a projecting ridge of Carmel, commanding the pass seawards, ioMi miles west of Thanach (^or connection of Mageddo and Thanach cf. Jos., xi, 21; xvii, 11; Jud., i, 27; v, 19; HI Kings, iv, 12; I Par., vii, 29). The ruins of citadel, gates, and walls, may date from 2500-2000 b. c. and are of extraordinary strength. At the foot of the Tell was the Roman fortress of Legio (sixth legion), now LejjCln. St. Jerome implicitly identifies Legio with Mageddo, for he calls Esaraelon now Campus Legionis (P. L., XXIII, "De Situ et Nom.", s. v. "Arbela", "Gabathon", etc.), now Campus Mageddon (P. L., "In Zac.", xii). YA*q<lt (tenth-eleventh cent.) ex- pressly identifies them [Kft&b Mii'j^m n-BiUdan, wastenfeld (Leipzig, 1860), 351], Lastly the stream at el-Leijiin is still called " the source (R4s) of Cison" and perhaps is the "Waters of Mageddo" (Pal. Ex. Funa Memoirs, XI, 29; Jud., V, 19; Pseudo-Jerome in P. L., XXIII, 1327).
For strat^cposition: — Sioth, UiMorical Geography of tha Holy Land, aCl (New York, 1908) ; Napoleon, M&motrea die- tSea par lui-mime: Guerre de V Orient (Paris, 1847) ; Schumacher in Mittheilutmen und Nachrichten dea Deut. PalAat. Vereina (1903), 4-10.
Identification: — Robinson, Biblical Reaearchea, II (Boston. 1841), 329: Moorb, Judgea (Edinbureh, 1901), 45, 47. Breasted, Proceedinga of Society of Bib. Archeology (1900, 95- 98); Paleatine Ezplor. Fund Quarterly (1880), 223 and vaa.; Buhl, Geographic dea Alien PalAHina (Freiburg in Br., 99); Socin. Zeitach. dea Deut. PalAat. Vereina, IV, 150-151; Schlat- ter, Zur Topographic und Geaehichte PalAatinaa, 295-299.
For site near Jordan: — (Bonder, Tent Work in PaleMine, 6^ 68, 232. (6th ed., London); BiRtH, Paleat. Explor. Fund Quar- teny (1881), 232 etc.; Lb Stranob, Paleatine under the Moalema (London, 1890), 492.
Psewhere:— RAUMBR. PalAatinaa 446-448 (4tb ed.) ; Maps of Mari Sanuto in Zaiteahr, dea D, PalAaL Vereina (1891. 1895. 1808).
For excavations at Tell el-MtiteBelllm: — Schumacher, Teli OrMOleaeUdn, I (Leipng, 1908).
• J. A. Hartigan.
Magellan, Ferdinand (Portuguese Fem&o Man galhdes)f the first circumnavigator of the world; b. about 1480 at Saborosa in Villa Real, Province of Traz OS Montes, Portugal; d. during his voyage of dis- covery on the Island oT Mactan in the Philippines, 27 April, 1521. He was the son of Pedro Ruy de Ma^- h&es, mayor of the town, and of Alda de Mezquita. He was brought up at the Ck>urt of Portugal and learned astronomy and the nautical sciences under good teachers, among whom mav have been Martin Be- haim. These studies filled him at an early age with enthusiasm for the great voyages of discovery which were being made at that period. In 1505 he took part in the expedition of Francisco d' Almeida, which was equipped to establish the Portuguese viceroyalty in India, and in 1511 he performed important ser- vices in the Portuguese conquest of Malacca. He re- turned home in 1512 and took part in the Portuguese expedition to Marocco, where he was severely wounded. On account of a personal disagreement with the commander-in-chief, he left the army without per- mission. This and an unfavourable report that nad been made upon him by Almeida led to his disgrace with the king. Oondemned to inactivity and checked in his desire for personal distinction, he once more de- voted himself to studies and projects to which he was mainly stimulated by the reports of the recently dis- covered Moluccas sent by his friend Serrio. Serrfio so greatly exaggerated the distance of the Moluccas to the east of liuiXacca that the islands appeared to lie
