XAKiXIRI
678
KAMSLTTOO
portaoDS of the monaBtery are incorporated in TheCourt,
an old Catholic mansion, the seat of the Beringtons.
DuoDALE. Mofuutioon Anglicanum (Loodoo, 1846); Thomab, AnHquitate* Prioraiu^ Majorin Malvemia (London, 1725); Parsons, Hist, of the Priory of Little Malvern (London, s. d.); NoAKB, Guide to Woreeaierehire (London, 1S68); Gasqubt, Hmry VIII and tKe Engluih Monaeterise (London, 1888).
Gilbert Dolan.
Mamachi, Thomas Maria, Dominican theolodan and historian, b. at Chios in the Archipelago, 4 De- cember, 1713; d. at Cometo, near Montefiascone, Italy, 7 June, 1792.' At the age of sixteen he en- tered the convent of Chios and passed later to St. Bfark's at Florence and the Minerva at Rome. In 1740 he Was appointed professor of physics in the Sapienza, and in 1743 taught philosophy at the Propa- ganda. His residence at Florence and Rome brought him into contact with brilliant men of his order, e. g. Ohrsi, DivelU, and Concina, and greatly facilitated his progress m his studies. He collaborated with Orsi in his De Romani pontificis in synodos oecumenicas et earum canones potestate ". Soon Benedict XIV ap- pointed him prelect of the Casanatensian Libraiy, master of theology and consultor of the Congregation of the Index. Owing to his office he had to take part in the controversy between the Appellants (Jansenists) and the Jesuits, and displayed an impartiality which greatly increased the difficulties of nis anxious and laborious |>o6ition. He engaged in lively theolo^cal controversies with Mansi and Cadonici. He had, like- wise, to intervene in the controversy concerning the beatification of Blessed Palafox. In a published writing on this question, he dealt severely with the Jesuit party who opposed the beatification; but he was not less energetic in dealing with their opponents, the Appellants and the Jansenist Church of Utrecht. He was director of the ecclesiastical journal of Rome (1742-85), and established at his residence a reunion of the learned Roman society.
Mamachi was a zealous supporter of the power of the Roman Pontiff. Involved in all the controver- sies of the day, he was one of the first to take issue with Febronius. Pius VI made him secretary of the Index (1779) and afterwards Master of the Sacred Palace, and frequently availed himself of his advice and of his pen. Mamachi 's ^reat work was to have been his "Christian Antic^uities'*, but his labours in the field of dogma and jurisprudence absorbed so much of his time that he pubushed onlv four of the tvirenty books that he had planned. Moreover, he lived m an age when the good method inaugurated by Bosio had been abandoned, and, considered as an archsBological work, the syntnesis which he had pro- jected is valueless. A second edition^ however, ap- peared in 1842-1851. His chief writings are: "De ratione temporum Athanasiorum deque aliquot sy- nodis rV s»culo celebratis" (Florence, 1748); "Origi- num et antiquitatum christianarum libri XX" (4 vob.^ Rome, 1749-55); "Dei costumi dei primitivi cristiani" (3 vols., Rome, 1753 sqq.); "Epistolae ad Justinum Febronium de ratione regendse christianse reipublicse (2 vols., Rome, 1776-77).
HuBTXB, Nomenclator; Hefcls in Kirehenlex^B. v.
K. Maere.
Mame, Alfrbd-Hbnbi-Amand. printer and pub- lisher, b. at Tours, 17 Aug., 1811; a. at Tours, 12 April, 1893.
The founder of the Mame firm, Charies Mame, printed two newspapers at Angers in the last quarter of the eighteenth century; General Hoche had at one time hoped to marry his daughter. His eldest son, bookseller and publisher in Paris, under the First Empire, edited Chateaubriand's famous opuscule, "Buonaparte et les Bourbons", also Madame de Stag's works; and the persecutions directed against these books by the Napoleonic poUoe caused the finan- cial ruin of the editor. But the third son, Amand
Bfame, came to Tours and founded there a firm which,
under the management of Alfred Mame, son of Amand,
was destined to become ver^r important. After hav-
ing edited, together with ms cousin Ernest Mame.
from 1833 to 1845, some classics and a few devotional
books, Alfred conceived and carried out, for the first
time, the idea of uniting in the same publishing house,
a certain number of workshops, grouping all the in-
dustries connected with the making <n lxK>ks: print-
ing, binding,' selling, and forwarding. By analogy with
the great iron workis of Le Creusot, the Mame firm has
been called the literary "Creusot". Mame was also
one of the principal owners of the pa{)er-mil]s of La
Haye-Descartes; and it could thus be said that a book,
from the time when the rags are transformed into
paper up to the moment when the final binding is put
on, passed through a succession of workers, all of whom
were connected with Mame. Daily, as eari^ as 1855,
this interesting and enterprising publismng-house
brought out from three to four thousand kilograms of
books; it employed seven himdred workers within and
from four hundred to five hundred outside. While it
put into circulation numberless books of devotion, it
was also publishing the " Biblioth^ue de la jeunesse
chr^tienne ", a rich series of books destined for priie
distributions, the religious tone of which was guaraiir
teed by an express approval given by the Archbishop
of Tours. On the other hand, the Alfred Mame Press
issued splendid publications: "Ia Touraine", exhib-
ited at the Universal Exhibition of 1855, whicn was in
its da]^ the finest of illustrated books; the "Bible"
with illustrations from Gustave Dor€; V^tauH's
"Charlemagne"; Wallon's "St. Louis"; the authori-
tative collection of " Chefs d'oeuvres de la langue fran-
caise". Quantin, the publisher, calculated that, in
1883, the Mame publishing-house issued yearly six
million volumes, of which three million were bound.
Inspired by the social Catholic ideal, Alfred Mame established for his employees a pension fund which allowed an income of six hundred francs to those over sixty vears, and this fund was wholly main- tained by the head of the firm. He opened schools for the labouring classes, which caused nim to receive one of the ten thousand franc awards reserved for the "^tablissements modeles oil r^gnuient au plus haut degr^ rharmonie sociale et le bien-6tre des ouvriers". During the Vatican Council at Rome, Bishop Ket- teler, meeting Alfred Mame at Spithoever's library, interviewed him earnestly on his pnilanthropic efforts for the benefit of the working-men of Tours. In 1874 Mame organized a system by which his working-men shared in the profits of the firm. His d ving woixis were recalled by Cardinal Meignan, Archbishop of Tours, in his funeral oration: "Mv consolation is that I never published a single line that might grieve religion and virtue." At one time he tried but unsuccessfully to enter political life; at the election of 14 Oct., 1877, he presented himself in the first district of Tours as candi- date for the Chamber of Deputies, on the conservative side, against Belle, the republican deputy who had founded in Tours the first Lay school for girls. Mame was defeated, having 7456 votes, against 12,006 ob- tained by Belle.
Paul Mame (1833-1903), a son of Alfred, was the head of the firm until 1900.
Meignan, Diecoura aux funiraUlee de M. Alfred Mame (Toun 1893); Quantin, M. Alfred Mame et la Mataon Mame (Paris, 1883); Paul Mame, 1 883-1903 (Tours, 1903).
Georges Gotau.
Mameluco (from the Arabic, tnemluk, *' slave**, the household cavalry of the former sultans of Egypt, re- cruited chiefly from the children of Christian slaves), the general term applied in South America to designate the mixed European-Indian race, and more specifi- cally applied in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies to the organized bands of Portuguese slave- himters who desolated the vast interior of South
