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THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE
ON THE CONSTITUTION, DOCTRINE,
DISCIPLINE, AND HISTORY OF THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH
EDITED By
CHARLES a HERBERMANN, PilD., LLD.
EDWARD A. PACE, PuD, D.D. COSDt B. PALLEN, Ph.D., VU>.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D. JOHN J. WYNNE, aj.
ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS
FIFTEEN VOLUMES AND INDEX
VOLUME IX
new Vlotli
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC