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locations constituting a fire hazard. Cowling, unless otherwise specified by these regulations, shall be constructed of fire-resistant material. Those portions of the cowling which are subjected to high temperatures due to their proximity to exhaust system parts or exhaust gas impingement shall be constructed of fireproof material.
§ 40.130 Engine accessory section diaphragm. Unless equivalent protection can be demonstrated by other means, a diaphragm shall be provided on air-cooled engines to isolate the engine power section and all portions of the exhaust system from the engine accessory compartment. This diaphragm shall comply with the provisions of § 40.128.
§ 40.131 Powerplant fire protection. Engine accessory sections, installations where no isolation is provided between the engine and accessory compartment, also regions wherein lie auxiliary power units, fuel-burning heaters, and other combustion equipment shall be referred to as designated fire zones. Such zones shall be protected from fire by compliance with §§ 40.132 through 40.135.
§ 40.132 Flammable fluids. No tanks or reservoirs which are a part of a system containing flammable fluids or gases shall be located in designated fire zones, except where the fluid contained, the design of the system, the materials used in the tank, the shutoff means, and all connections, lines, and controls are such as to provide equivalent safety. Not less than ½ inch of clear air space shall be provided between any tank or reservoir and a fire wall or shroud isolating a designated fire zone.
§ 40.133 Shutoff means. Means for each individual engine shall be provided for shutting off or otherwise preventing hazardous quantities of fuel, oil, de-icer, and other flammable fluids from flowing into, within, or through any designated fire zone, except, that means need not be provided to shut off flow in lines forming an integral part of an engine. In order to facilitate rapid and effective control of fires, such shutoff means shall permit an emergency operating sequence which is compatible with the emergency operation of other equipment, such as feathering the propeller. Shutoff means shall be located outside of designated fire zones, unless equivalent safety is provided (see §40.132), and it shall be shown that no hazardous quantity of such flammable fluid will drain into any designated fire zone after shutting off has been accomplished. Adequate provisions shall be made to guard against inadvertent operation of the shutoff means and to make it possible for the crew to reopen the shutoff means after it has once been closed.
§ 40.134 Lines and fittings. All lines and fittings for same located in designated fire zones which carry flammable fluids or gases and which are under pressure, or which attach directly to the engine, or are subject to relative motion between components. exclusive of those lines and fittings forming an integral part of the engine, shall be flexible, fire-resistant lines with fire-resistant, factory-fixed, detachable, or other approved fire-resistant ends. Lines and fittings which are not subject to pressure or to relative motion between components shall be of fire-resistant materials.
§ 40.135 Vent and drain lines. All vent and drain lines and fittings for same located in designated fire zones and which carry flammable fluids or gases shall comply with the provisions of § 40.134, if the Administrator finds that rupture or breakage of a particular drain or vent line may result in a fire hazard.
§ 40.136 Fire-extinguisher systems. (a) Unless it can be demonstrated that equivalent protection against destruction of the airplane in case of fire is provided by the use of fireproof materials in the nacelle and other components which would be subjected to flame, fire-extinguishing systems shall be provided to serve all designated fire zones.
(b) Materials in the fire-extinguishing system shall not react chemically with the extinguishing agent so as to constitute a hazard.
§ 40.137 Fire-extinguishing agents. Extinguishing agents employed shall be methyl bromide, carbon dioxide, or any other agent which has been demonstrated to provide equivalent extinguishing action. If methyl bromide or any other toxic extinguishing agent is employed, provisions shall be made to prevent the entrance of harmful concentrations of fluid or fluid vapors into any personnel compartment either due to leakage during normal operation of the airplane or as a result of discharging the fire extinguisher on the ground or in flight when a defect exists in the extinguisher system. If a methyl bromide system is provided, the containers shall be charged with dry agent and shall be sealed by the fire-extinguisher manufacturer or any other party employing satisfactory recharging equipment. If carbon dioxide is used, it shall not be possible to discharge sufficient gas into personnel compartments to constitute a hazard from the standpoint of suffocation of the occupants.
§40.138 Extinguishing agent container pressure relief. Extinguishing agent containers shall be provided with a pressure relief to prevent bursting of the container due to excessive internal pressures. The discharge line from the relief connection shall terminate outside the airplane in a location convenient for inspection on the ground. An indicator shall be provided at the discharge end of the line to provide a visual indication when the container has discharged.
§40.139 Extinguishing agent container compartment temperature. Precautions shall be taken to assure that the extinguishing agent containers are installed in locations where reasonable temperatures can be maintained for effective use of the extinguisher system.
§ 40.140 Fire-extinguishing system materials. All components of fire-extinguishing systems located in designated fire zones shall be constructed of fireproof materials, except for connections which are subject to relative motion between components of the airplane, in which case they shall be of flexible fire-resistant construction so located as to minimize the possibility of failure.
§ 40.141 Fire-detector systems. Quick-acting fire detectors shall be provided in all designated fire zones and shall be sufficient in number and location to assure the detection of fire which may occur in such zones.
§ 40.142 Fire detectors. Fire detectors shall be constructed and installed in such a manner as to assure their ability to resist without failure, all vibration, inertia, and other loads to which they may normally be subjected. Detectors shall be unaffected by exposure to oil, water, or other fluids or fumes which may be present.
§ 40.143 Protection of other airplane components against fire. All airplane surfaces aft of the nacelles in the region of one nacelle diameter on both sides of the nacelle center line shall be constructed of fire-resistant material. This provision need not be applied to tail surfaces lying behind nacelles unless the dimensional configuration of the airplane is such that the tail surfaces could be affected readily by heat, flames, or sparks emanating from a designated fire zone or engine compartment of any nacelle.
§ 40.150 Control of engine rotation. All airplanes shall be provided with means for individually stopping and restarting the rotation of any engine in flight.
§ 40.151 Fuel system independence. Airplane fuel systems shall be arranged in such manner that the failure of any one component will not result in the irrecoverable loss of power of more than one engine. A separate fuel tank need not be provided for each engine if the Administrator finds that the fuel system incorporates features which provide equivalent safety.
§ 40.152 Induction system ice prevention. Means for preventing the malfunctioning of each engine due to ice accumulation in the engine air induction system shall be provided for all airplanes.
§ 40.153 Carriage of cargo in passenger compartments. When operating conditions require the carriage of cargo which cannot be loaded in approved cargo racks, bins, or compartments which are separate from passenger compartments, such cargo may be carried in a passenger compartment if the following requirements are complied with: Provided, That the Administrator, under a particular set of circumstances, may authorize deviations from these requirements when he finds that safety will not be adversely affected and that it is in the public interest to carry such cargo:
(a) It shall be packaged or covered in a manner to avoid possible injury to passengers.
(b) It shall be properly secured in the airplane by means of safety belts or other tie-downs possessing sufficient strength to eliminate possibility of shifting under
