Page:Collier's Cyclopedia of Commercial and Social Information.djvu/26

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14
GRAMMAR


But the tendency to uniformity is so strong that many of these verbs have lost one or both of their peculiar forms, and others have two forms for the past indefinite and perfect participle.

21. The following is a complete list of these verbs, classified mainly by their present forms, yet not without regard to their original forms in the Anglo-Saxon. It must be observed that the original forms of many of these verbs are obsolete, or preserved in provincial usage only (and such forms are enclosed in parentheses); and that sometimes the past tense is used for the participle, and sometimes the terminal n or en has been dropped.

First Division. Verbs which change their vowel sounds, and form their perfect participles by adding en or n, or strong verbs.

1st Class Vowels e and a, becoming e, a, or o.

Present Indef. Tense. Past Indef. Tense. Perfect Participle.
Delve (dolve, dalf) delved delved
Get got (gat) (gotten) got
Help (holp, halp) helped (holpen) helped
Melt (molt) melted molten, melted
Sweat (swote, swat) Sweat, sweated (sweaten) sweated
Swell (swoll) swelled swollen, swelled
Yell (yoll) yelled yelled
Burst (brast) burst (borsten) burst
Beat beat beaten, beat
Eat eat, ate eaten, eat
Bear (bring forth) bore (bare) born
Bear (carry) bore (bare) borne
Break broke (brake) broken, broke
Cleave (adhere) (clave) cleaved cleaved
Cleave (split) (clove, clave) cleft cloven, cleft
Creep (clove, clave) cleft cloven, cleft
Creep (crope) crept crept
(Falde) fold folded (folden) folded
Freeze froze frozen
Heave (hove) heaved (hoven) heaved
(Quench) quoth
Lead (lode, lad) led led
Leap (lode) leapt, leaped lept, leaped
Seethe (soth) sod, seethed sodden
Shear (shore) sheared shorn
Speak spoke (spake) spoken
Steal stole (stale) stolen
Swear swore (sware) sworn
Tear tore (tare) torn
Wear wore (ware) worn
Weave wore (ware) worn
Weep (wope) wept wept
Wreak (wroke) wreaked (wroken) wreked
Wreathe wreathed wreathen, wreathed
Yield (yolde) yield yielded
(Be) been
See saw seen
Awake, wake awoke awaked
Bake (boke) baked (baken) baked
Forsake forsook foraken
Grave (grove) graved graven, graved
Lade (lode) laded laden, loaden
Shake shook, shaked shaken, shaked
Shape (shope) shaped shapen, shaped
Shave shaved shaven, shaved
Stave stove
Take took taken
Stand stood stood
Wax (wox, wex) waxed (waxen) waxed

2d Class. Vowel i, becoming a, o, u, or ou

Begin began (begon) begun
Cling clung (clong) clung
Dig dug, digged dug, digged
Drink drank (drunk, dronk) drunken, drunk
Fling flung (flang, flong) flung
Hang (hing) hung, hanged hung, hanged
Ring rang, rung (rong) rung
Run (rin) ran run
Shrink shrank, shrunk (shronk) shrunken, shrunk
Sing sang, sung (song) sung
Sink sank, sunk (sonk) sunken, sunk
Sling (slang) slung (slong) slung
Slink (slank) slunk (slonk) slunk
Spin (span) spun (spon) spun
Spring sprang, sprung (sprong) sprung
Stick stuck (stoke) stuck
Sting (stang) stung (stong) stung
Stink stank, stunk (stonk) stunk
String (strang) strung strung
Swim swam, swum (swom) swum
Swing (swang) swung (swong) swung
Swink (swank, swonk) swink (swonk) swinkt
Win (wan) won won
Wring wrung, wringed wrung
Bid bade (bode), bid bidden, bid
Give gave (grove) given
Sit sate sitten, sate
slit (slat) slit, slitted slitten, slit, slitted
Split spat, spit spitten, spit, spat
Betide betid betid
Hide hid hidden, hid
Light lit, lighted lit, lighted
Slide slid slidden, slid
Abide, bide abode abode
Arise, rise arose (aris) arisen
Bite (bote, bat) bit bitten, bit
Chide (chode) chid chidden, chid
Climb (clomb, clamb) climbed climbed
Dive (dove) dived dived
Drive drove (drave) driven
Glide (glode, glid) glided glided
Hight (hote, gete)
Lie lay lien, lain
Ride rode, rid ridden, rid
Rive (rove) rived riven
Shrive (shove) shrived shriven
Smite smote (smate) smit smitten, smit
Strive strove striven
Thrive throve, thrived thriven
Write wrote (wrate) writ written, writ, wrote
Writhe writhed writhen, writhed
shine shone, shined shone, shined
Wit (wite) (wote) wot
Strike (stoke) struck stricken, struck
Blind bound (bond) bounden, bound
Fight fought foughten, fought