industry is important. The total live stock numbered 3,417,141, including about 330,000 cows, and 735,000 other cattle. Swine numbered about 600,000 and sheep about 330,000. There were valuable mineral deposits. There were mined in 1918 nearly 3,000,000 tons of coal. There are also rich natural gas deposits. The railway mileage in 1918 was 4,444. The trade imports in 1918-1919 were valued at $15,926,379, and the exports at $2,256,186.
ALBERTSON, CHARLES CARROLL, an American clergyman; born in Plainfield, Ind., in 1865. He studied law and afterward theology at the Garrett Biblical Institute and the Northwestern University, and then served as pastor in several cities in New York and Pennsylvania. From 1899 to 1904 he was pastor in Philadelphia and from 1904 to 1913 he was pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church of Rochester, N. Y. In 1913 he became pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn. He was the founder and president of the Book Lovers' Guild and lecturer for the American Philosophical Society. He edited several works and was the author of many books, sermons, and essays including "Death and Afterwards" (1907); "College Sermons" (1912); "Distinctive Ideas of Jesus" (1915).
ALBERTUS MAGNUS, "Albert the Great," Count von Bollstädt, a German scholastic philosopher; born at Lauingen, Suabia, 1193. He became Bishop of Ratisbon in 1260. One of the greatest scholars of his age, he taught philosophy and theology at Cologne and Paris. So great was his knowledge that he was accounted a magician by his contemporaries. His works, treating chiefly of physical science, fill 21 volumes. They appeared in 1651. He died" at Cologne, Nov. 15, 1280.
ALBl, or ALBY, the capital of the department of Tarn, France; the ancient Albiga; a stronghold of the Albigenses, to whom it gave their name. The Cathedral of St. Cecilia is chiefly of the 14th century, with Italian frescoes dating from about 1505. Pop. about 25,000.
ALBIA, a city of Iowa, the county-seat of Monroe co., about 70 miles S. E. of Des Moines. It is on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Minneapolis and St. Louis, the Wabash, and the Southern Iowa Traction Company railroads. The city has a large coal industry and is the center of an extensive coal mining community. There are also important agricultural industries. The city has metal works, a packing house, a telephone factory. Pop. (1910) 4,969; (1920) 5,067,
ALBIGENSES (al-bē-zhans´ or al-bē-jen´sēz), the name commonly given to a Christian sect, or to several sects, which arose in the south of France; suppressed early in the 13th century on account of alleged heresies. Their name may have been derived from the town of Albiga or Albi, where their doctrines had many followers. In their belief were included some of the Manichæan tenets, such as the repudiation of the Old Testament and the dualistic philosophy of the evil of matter and the emanation of spirit. The growth of the sect and the spread of their heresies brought them in conflict with the Catholic authorities, who waged against them a policy of extermination. They were condemned at various councils, and in 1198 Innocent III. endeavored to extirpate them by sending several legates to Toulouse as inquisitors. He excommunicated Count Raymond of Toulouse (1207), who consistently protected the Albigenses. The murder of the Legate Peter of Castelnau, in 1209, gave the Pope occasion for employing severer means. He proclaimed a crusade for the abolition of the sect. The war against the Albigenses was waged zealously, and many were sacrificed who had no connection with them. After a peace concluded in 1229 between Raymond VII. and the Pope, they were left without protection, and the Inquisition completed their destruction.
ALBINO, a human being or animal abnormally white, with pinkish eyes. The phenomenon must have struck most people in the case of white mice and white rabbits. A human albino has the skin preternaturally fair. The hairs on the head and body are white, the eyes a pinkish appearance; moreover they are painful when exposed to light of even the ordinary intensity.
ALBION, the oldest name by which the island of Great Britain was known to the Greeks and Romans. Great Britain and Ireland were known by the general appellation of the Britannic Islands, while the former was designated by the particular name of Albion or Alwion, and the latter by that of lerne, louernia, or Erin. Cæsar does not use the word Albion; his name for England is Britannia. The name of Albion was probably given to England by the Gaels of the opposite coast, who could not fail to be struck with the chalky cliffs that characterize the nearest part of Kent.
