ANABLEPS 158 ANESTHESIA actual king. On June 24, 1535, the Bishop of Miinster retook the city by force of arms, and John of Leyden, who had succeeded Matthias, was put to death. It was in 1534, when John of Leyden was in the height of his glory in Miinster, that Ignatius Loyola took the first step toward founding the Order of the Jesuits. ANABLEPS, a genus of abdominal fishes, of the order vmlacopterygii ab- dominales, belonging to the family cy- prinidse (carps). Their eyes greatly project, and, moreover, seem, but only seem, as if divided into two; hence the species is called anableps tetrophthal- mus. It is found in the rivers of Guiana. ANACONDA, a city of Montana, the county-seat of Deer Lodge co. It is 26 miles N. W. of Butte, and is on the Butte, Anaconda and Pacific, the Chi- cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Northern Pacific railroads. It is in the midst of an important mining region and in it are located the largest copper smelting works in the world. There are also deposits of gold, lead, and silver in the vicinity. Other industries are brass and iron foundries, machine shops, brick works, etc. There are several parks, a library, opera house, and a race track. Pop. (1910) 10,134; (1920) 11,668. ANACORTES, a city of Washington, in Skagit co., about 90 miles N. of Seat- tle. It is on the Great Northern railroad, and is a port of call for boats of the Inland Navigation Co., the Pacific Coast Steamship Co., the Alaska Pacific S. S. Co., and the Island Navigation Co. The city has important industries, including lumber mills, salmon canneries, box fac- tories, shipyards, etc. There are two parks and a library. Pop. (1910) 4,168; (1920) 5,284. ANACREON (a-nak're-on) , a renowned lyric poet of Greece, born at Teos in Ionia, 562 B. c. He enjoyed the patron- age of Polycrates, autocrat of Samos; and, while at his court, composed most of the odes in praise of wine and women which won for him pre-eminence among singers. A few of his authentic com- positions have come down to us. He died 477 B. c. ANADYR (an-a'der), the most east- erly of the larger rivers of Siberia and of all Asia; rises in the Stanovoi Moun- tains, and falls into the Gulf of Anadyr; length, 600 miles. ANAEMIA, bloodlessness; a morbid state of the system produced by loss of blood, by deprivation of light and air in coal mines, or causes more obscure. The patient is characterized by a great pale- ness, and blood vessels, easily traceable at other times, become unseen after great hemorrhage, or in cases of anaemia. ANESTHESIA (Greek, "lack of sen- sation"), a term used to express a loss of sensibility to external impressions, which may involve a part of the whole surface of the body. It may occur nat- urally as the result of disease, or may be produced artificially by the administra- tion of anaesthetics. In ancient writers, we read of insensi- bility or indifference to pain being ob- tained by means of Indian hemp (canna- bis indica), either smoked or taken into the stomach. The Chinese, more than 1,500 years ago, used a preparation of hemp, or ma-ya, to annul pain. The Greeks and Romans used mandragora for a similar purpose (poiein anaisthe- sian); and, as late as the 13th century, the vapor from a sponge filled with mandragora, opium, and other sedatives was used. In 1784, Dr. Moore, of Lon- don, used compression on the nerves of a limb requiring amputation, but this method was in itself productive of much pain. In 1800, Sir Humphrey Davy, ex- perimenting with nitrous oxide or laugh- ing-gas, suggested its usefulness as an anjesthetic; and in 1828 Dr. Hickman suggested carbonic acid gas. As early as 1795, Dr. Pearson had used the vapor of sulphuric ether fo;: the relief of spas- modic affections of the respiration. The fact that sulphuric ether could produce insensibility was shown by the American physicians, Godwin (1822), Mitchell (1832), Jackson (1833), Wood and Bache (1834); but it was first used to prevent the pain of an operation in 1846, by Dr. Morton, a dentist of Boston. The news of his success reached England on Dec. 17, 1846; on the 22d, Mr. Robinson, a dentist, and Dr. Liston, the eminent sur- geon, operated on patients rendered in- sensible by the inhalation of sulphuric ether. This material was extensively used for a year, when Sir S» Y. Simpson, of Edinburgh, discovered the anaesthetic powers of chloroform and introduced the use of it into his special department, midwifery. Since that time, chloroform has been the anaesthetic in general use in Europe, but ether is preferred in the United States. Other substances have been used by inhalation, such as nitrous oxide gas, which is the best and safest anaesthetic for operations that last only one or two minutes, as in the extraction of teeth; bichloride of methylene and tetrachloride of carbon have also been employed. Local anaesthesia, artificially produced, is of great value in minor operations.
