ANARCHISM 162 ANATOMY bf the Spanish statesman Canovas by an Italian anarchist led the Italian Gov- ernment to feel that it was its duty to call for some international action for the suppression of anarchists and an anti- anarchist conference was held at Rome in the latter part of 1878. It had, how- ever, no further result than a propo- sition to institute a sort of international intelligence service for the watching of anarchists. King Humbert of Italy was, notwithstanding this vigilance, assassi- nated by an anarchist, in 1900 (July 29). Francisco Ferrer, who at one period of his life had been actively engaged in anarchistic propaganda, but had later abandoned it, was arrested in 1909, fol- lowing serious riots in Barcelona, Spain. It was charged that his teachings were responsible for the uprising. In spite of the impossibility of proving these charges definitely, he was executed on Oct. 12, 1909. In November, 1910, an at- tempt was made by a group of anarchist Socialists to assassinate the Mikado of Japan. Twelve of these were executed. King George of Greece was assassinated at Salonica on March 18, 1913. Following the assassination of Presi- dent McKinley in 1902 by an avowed anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, Congress passed laws excluding anarchists from the classes permitted to immigrate into the United States. In 1892 France passed the law impos- ing the death penalty upon those who should cause damage to property by the use of explosives. After the attempt of Vaillant in the Chamber of Deputies and the murder of President Carnot, special laws against anarchists were passed in 1893 and 1894, whereby the glorification of anarchistic crime and the incitement thereto were made criminal offenses and the punishment of anarchists was provided for. In 1894, Switzerland passed a law against the criminal use of explosives and the incitement of such crimes. Similar laws were also passed in 1894-1896 in Spain and Italy. Dis- ordered conditions following upon the end of the World War gave the anarchists an opportunity for carrying on effective propaganda. Although anarchists as a class did not dominate in the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, both the leaders and the rank and file of the movement carried out to a large degree the princi- ples of anarchism. There was persistent propaganda carried on in the United States with the greatest audacity, following the war, by avowed anarchists, the most prominent of whom were Emma Goldman and Alex- ander Berkman. The officers of the Gov- ernment, under authority given by war measures, began vigorous measures iiS December, 1919, for the suppression of anarchistic and communistic propaganda. The headquarters of the radical societies throughout the country were raided and many of the leaders were taken prisoners for the purpose of deportation. In the same month about 300 anarchists, in- cluding Emma Goldman and Berkman, were deported. Several thousand other anarchists were held in confinement pending examination. ANASTASIUS (an-a-sta'shus), the name of four Popes, the first and most eminent of whom held that office for only three years (398-401). He enforced celibacy on the higher clergy, and was a strong opponent of the Manichaeans and Origen. ANASTASIUS I., Emperor of the East, succeeded Zeno, A. D. 491, at the age of 60. He distinguished himself by sup- pressing the combats between men and wild beasts in the arena, abolishing the sale of offices and building the fortifi- cations of Constantinople. His support of the heretical Eutychians led to a dangerous rebellion and his anthemati- zation by the Pope. He died A. D. 518. ANATOMY (Greek, "a cutting up or dissecting"), the science of the form and structure of organized bodies; it is prac- tically acquired by separation of the parts of a body, so as to show their dis- tinct formation, and their relations to one another. It is, therefore, a branch of the science of biology, and consists of two great divisions — the anatomy of an- imals, styled zootomy, and that of plants, phytotomy. History of Ana torn y. — The real founder of the science was Aristotle, born 384 B. C. He seems to have based his systematic views of comparative an- atomy on the dissection of animals, but not of men. He first gave the name aorta to the great artery. No real progress in human anatomy was made, owing to the researches being confined to animals, till the time of Erasistratus (250 B. c), who was the first to dissect human bodies — the bodies of criminals. Herophilus also is said to have dissected living subjects, Celsus (63 B. c), in his "De Medicina," wrote on anatomy. Galen (131 A. D.) dissected apes, as being most like human subjects, though he occasionally obtained bodies of persons found murdered; and his writings show a knowledge of human anatomy. Avicenna (980 A. D.), born in the province of Khorassan, was a good osteologist, and described some struc- tures not alluded to by Galen. The med- ical schools at Bologna, Padua, and Sa- lerno became famous in the 13th cen-
