ANDERSON 167 ANDES the Black Hawk, Seminole, and Mexican Wars. He was promoted major in 1857; took command of the troops in Charles- ton harbor in November, 1860; removed his forces from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, Dec. 26; was invested there by the Confederates who bombarded the fort April 12-13, 1861; and evacuated the fort Apj-il 14. He was promoted Briga- dier-General in 1861, and was retired in 1863, with the rank of brevet Major- General. He died in Nice, France, Oct. 27, 1871. ANDERSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON, American temperance advocate, born in Carlinville, 111., Aug. 8, 1874; studied at Blackburn College and University of Michigan; taught school 1892-1894, and practiced law at Carlinville, 1896-1900. He became attorney for the Anti-Saloon League of 111., Jan. 1, 1900, and from that time on has devoted his time wholly to the temperance cause. In 1914 he became State Superintendent of the New York State Anti-Saloon League. In 1920, he provoked considerable contro- versy by an attack upon certain mem- bers of the Catholic church whom he charged with obstructing the operation of prohibition laws. ANDERSONVILLE, a village in Geor- gia, noted as having been the seat of a Confederate States military prison, which was notorious for unhealthfulness and for barbarity of discipline. Between Feb. 15, 1864, and April, 1865, 49,485 prisoners were received, of whom 12,926 died in that time of various diseases. Henry Wirz, the superintendent, was tried for injuring the health and de- stroying the lives of the soldiers confined here, was found guilty, and hanged, Nov. 10, 1865. The long trenches where the soldiers were buried have since been laid out as a cemetery. ANDES (an'dez), or, as they are called in Spanish South America, Cordilleras (ridges) de los Andes, or simply Cordil- leras, a range of mountains stretching along the whole of the W. coast of South America, from Cape Horn to the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea. In absolute length (4,500 miles) no single chain of mountains approaches the An- des, and only a certain number of the higher peaks of the Himalayan chain rise higher above the sea-level. Several main sections of this huge chain are distinguishable. The southern Andes present a lofty main chain, with a minor chain running parallel to it on the £., reaching from Tierra del Fuego and the Straits of Magellan, northward to about latitude 28° S., and rising in Aconcagua to a height of 22,860 feet. North of this is the double chain of the central Andes, inclosing the wide and lofty plateaus of Bolivia and Peru, which lie at an eleva- tion of more than 12,000 feet above the sea. Th€ mountain system is here at its broadest, being about 500 miles across. Here are also several very lofty peaks, as Illampu or Sorata (21,484 feet),Sahama (21,054) .lUimani (21,024). Further N. the outer and inner ranges draw closer together, and in Ecuador there is but a single system of elevated masses, generally described as forming two parallel chains. In this section are crowded together a number of lofty peaks, most of them volcanoes, either extinct or active. Of the latter class are Pichincha (15,918 feet), with a crater 2,500 feet deep; Tunguragua (16,685 feet) ; Sangay (17,460 feet) ; and Coto- paxi (19,550 feet). The loftiest summit here appears to be Chimborazo (20,581 feet); others are Antisana (19,260 feet) and Cayambe (19,200 feet). North- ward of this section the Andes break into three distinct ranges, the eastmost running north-eastward into Venezuela, the westmost running north-westward to the Isthmus of Panama. In the cen- tral range is the volcano of Tolima (17,660 feet). The western slope of the Andes is generally exceedingly steep, the eastern much less so, the mountains sinking gradually to the plains. The whole range gives evidence of vol- canic action, but it consists almost en- tirely of sedimentary rocks. Thus moun- tains may be found rising to the height of over 20,000 feet, and fossiliferous to their summits (as Illimani and Sorata or Illampu). There are about 30 vol- canoes in a state of activity. The lofti- est of these burning mountains seems to be Gualateiri, in Peru (21,960 feet). The heights of the others vary from 13,000 to 20,000 feet. The passes are generally at a great height, the most important being from 10,000 to 15,000 feet. Rail- ways have been constructed to cross the chain at a similar elevation. The Andes are extremely rich in the precious metals, gold, silver, copper, platinum, mercury and tin all being wrought; lead and iron are also found. The llama and its congeners — the guan-- aco, vicuiia and alpaca — are character- istic of the Andes. Among birds, the condor is the most remarkable. The vegetation necessarily varies much ac- cording to elevation, latitude, rainfall, etc., but generally is rich and varied. From the Andes rise two of the largest water systems of the world — the Ama- zon and its affluents, and the La Plata and its affluents. Besides which, in the >' , from its slopes flow the Magdalena
