With regard to internal structure no line of demarkation can be laid down, all plants and animals being, in this respect, fundamentally similar; that is, alike composed of molecular, cellular, and fibrous tissues. Neither are the chemical characters of animal and vegetable substances more distinct. Animals contain in their tissue and fluids a larger proportion of nitrogen than plants, while plants are richer in carbonaceous compounds than the former. Power of motion, again, though broadly distinctive of animals, cannot be said to be absolutely characteristic of them. Thus many animals, as oysters, sponges, corals, etc., in their mature condition are rooted or fixed, while the embryos of many plants, together with numerous fully developed forms, are endowed with locomotive power by means of vibratile, hair-like processes called cilia.
The distinctive points between animals and plants which are most to be relied on are those derived from the nature and mode of assimilation of the food. Plants feed on inorganic matters, consisting of water, ammonia, carbonic acid, and mineral matters. They can only take in food which is presented to them in a liquid or gaseous state. The exceptions to these rules are found chiefly in the case of plants which live parasitically on other plants or on animals, in which cases the plant may be said to feed on organic matters, represented by juices of their hosts. Animals, on the contrary, require organized matters for food. They feed either upon plants or upon other animals. Animals require a due supply of oxygen gas for their sustenance, this gas being used in respiration. Plants, on the contrary, require carbonic acid. The animal exhales or gives out carbonic acid as the part result of its tissue waste, while the plant taking in this gas is enabled to decompose it into its constituent carbon and oxygen. The plant retains the former for the uses of its economy, and liberates the oxygen, which is thus restored to the atmosphere for the use of the animal. Animals receive their food into the interior of their bodies, and assimilation takes place in their internal surfaces. Plants, on the other hand, receive their food into their external surfaces, and assimilation is effected in the external parts, as are exemplified in the leaf surfaces under the influence of sunlight. All animals possess a certain amount of heat or temperature which is necessary for the performance of vital action. The only classes of animals in which a constantly elevated temperature is kept up are birds and mammals.
ANIMAL CHEMISTRY, the department of organic chemistry which investigates the composition of the fluids and the solids of animals, and the chemical action that takes place in animal bodies.
ANIMALCULE, a general name given to many forms of animal life from their minute size.
ANIMAL KINGDOM, one of the three great kingdoms of visible nature, the two other being the vegetable and the mineral kingdoms. Prof. Owen, in his "Paleontology," adopts the following classification : Kingdom I., protozoa. Kingdom II., animalia. Sub-kingdom I., invertebrata: Province 1, radiata; 2, articulata; 3, moUusca. Sub-kingdom II., vertebrata. Prof. Huxley, writing in 1869, divided the animal kingdom in eight groups arranged thus:
| Vertebrata, | |
| Mollusca, | Annulosa, |
| Molluscoida, | Annulloida, |
| Cœlenterata, | Infusoria, |
| Protozoa. | |
ANIMAL MAGNETISM, a science, or art, so called because it was believed that it taught the method of producing on persons of susceptible organization effects somewhat similar to those which a magnet exerts upon iron.
ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY, the study of mind as it is found in animals below man. It is sometimes called comparative psychology, although that term more probably belongs in the comparative study including man. The study is carried on in general by the observation of the behavior of animals under various conditions, in the study of their nervous structure, and in the interpretation of the facts derived in these studies as indicators of mind.
ANIMAL WORSHIP. See Religion.
ANIO, now ANIENE or TEVERONE, a river in Italy, a tributary of the Tiber, which it enters above Rome, renowned for the valley through which it flows, where stand the remains of the villas of Maecenas and the Emperor Hadrian. Its famous waterfalls at Tivoli now furnish valuable electric energy which is transmitted to Rome.
ANISE, an umbelliferous plant, the pimpinella anisum. It is cultivated in southern Europe and in Germany for the sake of the seeds, which are exported. They are aromatic and carminative.
Oil of anise is a solution of anise camphor. The camphor is obtained pure
