ANNATO 183 ANNISTON ANNATO, or ARNOTTO, an orange- red coloring matter, obtained from the pulp surrounding the seeds of bixa orel- lana, a shrub native to tropical America, and cultivated in Guiana, St. Domingo, and the East Indies, It is sometimes used as a dye for silk and cotton goods, but it is much used in medicine for ting- ing plasters and ointments, and to a con- siderable extent by farmers for giving a rich color to cheese. ANNE BOLEYN. See BOLEYN, Anne. ANNE OF AUSTRIA, daughter of Philip III. of Spain, was born at Madrid in 1602, and in 1615 was married to Louis XIII. of France. Richelieu, fear- ing the influence of her foreign connec- tions, did everything he could to humble her. In 1643 her husband died, and she was left regent, but placed under the control of a council. The parliament in- trusted her with full sovereign rights during the minority of her son, Louis XIV. She incurred the hatred of the nobles by her boundless confidence in Cardinal Mazarin, and was forced to flee from Paris during the wars of the Fronde. She ultimately quelled all op- position, and was able, in 1661, to trans- mit to her son, unimpaired, the royal authority. She died in 1666. ANNE, QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, was bom at Twicken- ham, near London, Feb. 6, 1664; the sec- ond daughter of James II., then Duke of York, and Anne Hyde, his first wife, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. In 1683 she was married to Prince George, brother to King Christian V. of Den- mark. On the arrival of the Prince of Orange in 1688, Anne wished to remain with her father; but she was prevailed upon by Lord Churchill (afterward Duke of Marlborough) and his wife to join the triumphant party. After the death of William III., in 1702, she ascended the English throne. Her char- acter was essentially weak, and she was governed first by Marlborough and his wife, and afterward by Mrs. Masham. Most of the principal events of her reign are connected with the War of the Span- ish Succession. The only important ac- quisition that England made by it was Gibraltar, captured in 1704. Another very important event was the union of England and Scotland, under the name of Great Britain, in 1707. She died in 1714. The reign of Anne was distin- guished for the number of admirable writers who flourished at this time, such as Pope, Swift, and Addison. ANNEALINGr, a process to which many articles of metal and glass are subjected after making, in order to render them more tenacious, and which consists in heating them and allowing them to cool slowly. ANNELIDA, a class of animals belong- ing to the sulj-kingdom articulata, the annulosa of some naturalists. They are sometimes called red-blooded worms, be- ing the only invertebrated animals pos- sessing this character. They are soft- bodied animals, mostly living in the water, sometimes in moist earth, but never parasitically within the bodies of other animals; the higher ones posses- sing limbs, though of a rudimentary character, which makes them resemble centipedes; while the lower ones, like the leeches, are whoUv destitute of these appendages. The respiration is effected by external branchiae, by internal vesi- cles, or by the skin itself. Contractile vessels supply the place of a heart. The nervous system consists of a single or double ventral cord, furnished with gan- glia at intervals, and surrounding the oesophagus above. ANNEXATION, the term applied to the acquisition by a country of terri- tory which was formerly independent or was possessed by another country. The term is applied more properly to the ac- quisition of adjoining territory, but has come to be used in a broader sense, and is now applied to any territory added to an existing state. Among the most not- able annexations are those of Alsace- Lorraine to Germany in 1870; of Cali- fornia to the United States, as a result of the Mexican War; of the South African states as a result of the Boer War; and the changes of ter- ritory resulting from the defeat of Germany in the World War. The in- habitants of annexed territory are ab- solved from allegiance to their former sovereign. Titles to property are not affected, except in the substitution of the new sovereign for the old. Annexation is brought about by treaty, by proclama- tion, or by legislative act. It may be made complete in spite of _ the active or passive opposition of the inhabitants of the territory affected. ANNISTON, a city of Calhoun co. in Alabama, on the Louisville and Nash- ville, and the Southern railroads; about 60 miles E. by N. of Birmingham. It is in one of the most important coal and iron mining regions of the country; is a trade center for cotton and agricultural products; and is noted for its manufac- tures of iron and steel, cotton goods, bricks, cordage, and other articles. An- niston is the seat of Alabama Presbyte-
