ANTOFAGASTA 200 ANTONIUS ANTOFAGASTA, a province in north- em Chile, extending the whole width of the country. Next to the sparsely in- habited Magallanes territory it is the largest province in the country, covering an area of 46,408 square miles. It was ceded by Bolivia to Chile in 1884. It is one of the richest sections of the world in the ores of precious metals. Pop. (1917) 205,662. Antofagasta, its capital and principal seaport, is the terminus of a railroad that extends to the rich min- ing sections in the northeast. It also ships much ore, nitrate of soda, and bul- lion, and contains silver-smelting works. Pop. about 60,000. ANTOMMARCHI, CARLO FRAN- CESCO (-mar'ke), an Italian physician, bom in Corsica in 1780; was Professor of Anatomy at Florence when he offered himself as physician of Napoleon at St. Helena. Napoleon left him a legacy of 100,000 francs. On his retum to Europe he published the "Demiers Moments de Napoleon" (2 vols., 1823). He died in 1838. ANTONINUS PIUS, TITUS AURE- LIUS FULVUS, Roman emperor, was born at Lavinium near Rome, A. D. 86. In A- D. 120 he became con- sul, and he was one of the four persons of consular rank among whom Hadrian divided the supreme ad- ministration of Italy. He then went as proconsul to Asia. In A. D. 138 he was selected by that emperor as his succes- sor, and the same year he ascended the throne. The persecutions of the Chris- tians he speedily abolished. In Britain he extended the Roman dominion, and stopped the invasions of the Picts and Scots. He died in A. D. 161, and was suc- ceeded by Marcus Aurelius, his adopted son. ANTONIUS, MARCUS (MARK AN- TONY), Roman triumvir, bom 83 B. C, was connected with the family of Caesar by his mother. Debauchery and prodi- gality marked his youth. To escape his creditors he went to Greece in 58, and from hence followed the Consul Gabinius on a campaign in Syria as commander of the cavalry. He served in Gaul under Caesar in 52 and 51. In 50 he returned to Rome to support the interests of Caesar against the aristocraticai party headed by Pompey, and was appointed tribune. When war broke out between CsEsar and Pompey, Antony led reinforce- ments to Caesar in Greece, and, in the battle of Pharsalia, he commanded the left wing. He afterward returned to Rome with the appointment of master of the horse and governor of Italy (47). In B. c. 44 he became Caesar's colleague in the consulship. Soon after Caesar was assassinated, and Antony would have shared the same fate had not Brutus stood up in his behalf. Antony, by the reading of Csesar's will, and by the ora- tion which he delivered over his body, excited the people to anger and revenge, and the murderers were obliged to flee. After several quarrels and reconciliations with Octavianus, Caesar's heir (see Au- gustus, Antony departed to Cisalpine Gaul, which province had been conferred upon him against the will of the senate. But Cicero thundered against him in his famous Philippics; the senate declared him a public enemy, and intrusted the conduct of the war against him to Octavianus and the consuls Hirtius and Pansa. After a campaign of varied fortunes Antony fled with his troops over the Alps. Here he was joined by Lepidus, who commanded in Gaul, and through whose mediation Antony and Octavianus were again reconciled. It was agreed that the Roman world should be divided among the three conspirators, who were called triumvirs. Antony was to take Gaul; Lepidus, Spain; and Octavianus, Africa and Sicily. Antony and Octa- vianus departed in 42 for Macedonia, where the united forces of their enemies, Brutus and Cassius, formed a powerful army, which was, however, speedily de- feated at Philippi, Antony next visited Athens, and thence proceeded to Asia. In Cilicia he ordered Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, to apologize for her insolent behavior to the triumviri. She appeared in person, and her charms fettered him forever. He followed her to Alexandria, where he forgot worldly affairs, till he was aroused by a report that hostilities had commenced in Italy between his own relatives and Octavianus. A short war followed, which was decided in favor of Octavianus before the arrival of Antony in Italy. A reconciliation was effected, which was sealed by the ^ marriage of Antony with Octavia, the sister of Octa- vianus. A new division of the Roman dominions was now made (in 40), by which Antony obtained the East, Octa- vianus the West, After his return to Asia Antony gave himself up entirely to Cleopatra, assuming the style of an Eastern despot, and so alienating many of his adherents. At length war was declared against the Queen of Egypt, and Antony was deprived of his consul- ship and government. Antony lost, in the naval battle at Actium (B. C. 31), the dominion of the world. He followed Cleopatra to Alexandria, and, on the arrival of Octavianus his fleet and cav- alry deserted, and his infantry was de-
