Home. The principal manufactures, which are promoted by an abundant water power, are cotton goods, paper, wood pulp, and lumber. The city is lighted by electricity, and has electric street railways, several National banks, high school, Lithgow Public Library, a number of weekly periodicals, etc. Pop. (1910) 13,211; (1920) 14,114.
AUGUSTA, a title first given to his wife Livia, after the death of Augustus, according to the will of the emperor. It was afterward conferred by Claudius on Agrippina (A. D. 51), and by Nero on his wife Poppaea, as well as her daughter (A. D. 64). Eventually it became a common title of the mother, wife, sister, or daughter of an emperor.
AUGUSTA VICTORIA, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, born Oct. 22, 1858; daughter of the late Duke Friedrich; married Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, afterward Wilhelm II., Feb. 27, 1881; became Empress of Germany and Queen of Prussia on the accession of her husband to the thrones in June, 1888. She has borne the former Emperor-King seven children, the former Crown Prince, Friedrich Wilhelm, being born May 6, 1882. She is the author of a book of reminiscences of her travels in Palestine with the former Emperor in 1898. After the Emperor's flight to Holland in November, 1918, she joined him a little later and has since shared his exile.
AUGUSTINE (a′gus-tēn), AURELIUS AUGUSTINUS, ST., a renowned father of the Christian Church, was born at Tagaste, in Africa, in 354, his mother, Monica, being a Christian, his father, Patricius, a pagan. His parents sent him to Carthage to complete his education, but he disappointed their expectations by leading a life of pleasure. A book of Cicero's led him to study philosophy; but dissatisfied with this, he joined the Manichæans. He left them after nine years and went to Rome and then to Milan. Here St. Ambrose, bishop of the city, and the reading of St. Paul converted him to the Christian faith. After preparation for baptism he received it from Ambrose, being then in his 33d year. He returned to Africa, sold his property, giving the proceeds to the poor, and became assistant to the bishop of Hippo, succeeding to the see in 395. Of his various works his “Confessions” is most secure of immortality. He died Aug. 28, 430, while Hippo was besieged by the Vandals. He was a man of great enthusiasm, self-devotion, zeal for truth, and powerful intellect, and, though there have been fathers of the Church more learned, none have wielded a more powerful influence. His writings are partly autobiographical, partly polemical, homiletic, or exegetical. The greatest is the “City of God” (“De Civitate Dei”), a vindication of Christianity.
AUGUSTINE, or AUSTIN, ST., the Apostle of the English, flourished at the close of the 6th century, was sent with 40 monks by Pope Gregory I. to introduce Christianity into Saxon England, and was kindly received by Ethelbert, King of Kent, whom he converted, baptizing 10,000 of his subjects in one day. In acknowledgment of his tact and success Augustine received the archiepiscopal pall from the Pope, with instructions to establish 12 sees in his province, but he could not persuade the British bishops in Wales to unite with the new English Church. He died in 604 or 605.
AUGUSTINIANS, or AUGUSTINES, members of several monastic fraternities who follow rules framed by the great St. Augustine or deduced from his writings, of which the chief are the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, or Austin Canons, and the Begging Hermits or Austin Friars. The Austin Canons were introduced into Great Britain about 1100. They took the vows of chastity and poverty, and their habit was a long, black cassock with a white rochet over it. The Austin Friars, originally hermits, went barefooted, and formed one of the four orders of mendicants. An order of nuns had also the name of Augustines. Their garments, at first black, were latterly violet.
AUGUSTULUS, ROMULUS, the last of the Western Roman emperors; he reigned during one year only (475-476), when he was overthrown by Odoacer and banished.
AUGUSTUS CAIUS JULIUS CÆSAR OCTAVIANUS, originally called Caius Octavius, Roman Emperor, was the son of Caius Octavius and Atia, a daughter of Julia, the sister of Julius Cæsar. He was born 63 B. C., and died 14 A. D. Octavius was at Apollonia, in Epirus, when he received news of the death of his uncle (44 B. C.), who had previously adopted him as his son. He returned to Rome to claim Cæsar's property and avenge his death, and now took, according to usage, his uncle's name, with the surname Octavianus. He was aiming secretly at the chief power, but at first he joined the republican party, and assisted at the defeat of Antony at Mutina. He got himself chosen consul in 43. Soon after the first triumvirate was formed between
