BAY OF ISLANDS 453 BEACH 37,900; income, $293,571; number of graduates, 1,945; president, Samuel Palmer Brooks, LL. D. BAY OF ISLANDS, a large, deep and safe harbor on the N. E. coast of the North Island of New Zealand. On it is Kororarika, the first European settle- ment in New Zealand. Also a large bay formed by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the W. coast of Newfoundland. BAYONET, a miltary weapon for- merly called a dagger, made to be fitted to the muzzle of a gun or rifle, to convert the latter into a kind of pike. At first it was so fixed that it required to be taken off before the gun was fired; but since the battle of Killiecrankie showed the danger of such an arrangement, it has been fastened on in such a way as not to interfere with the firing of the weapon. See Infantry. BAYONNE, a city in Hudson co., N. J., on New York harbor, the Kill von Kull, and Newark Bay, and the Central of New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley railroads; 7 miles S. W. of New York City. The city is also on the Hudson County Boulevard and the Morris canal. It contains a number of former villages; and is principally engaged in coal ship- ping and petroleum refining, the works for the latter being connected by pipe lines with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, and other cities. Other noteworthy industries are the manufactures of chemicals, ammonia and colors. The residential part of the city is very attractive, containing fine homes of New York business men, and having trolley connection with Jersey City, Newark, and the Oranges. Pop. (1910) 55,545; (1920) 76,754. BAYONNE, a strongly fortified sea- port of France, in the department of Basses-Pyrenees, capital of an arron- dissevient ; at the confluence of the Nive with the Adour, and 58 miles W. N. W. of Pau. It is a first-class fortress, the citadel, one of the finest works of Vauban, commands the town and harbor. A mint is established here. Chocolate, liqueurs, glass, sugar, etc., are manu- factured. There are also extensive yards for the building of ships of war and merchant vessels. The hams of Bayonne have long enjoyed a high celebrity. The military weapon called the bayonet takes its name from this city, where it is said to have been first invented and brought into use during the siege of 1523. Though often besieged, Bayonne has never been taken; and hence its motto, "Nnnquam Polluta." It was invested by the British, Feb. 24, 1814. Pop. about 27,500. BAYREXJTH, or BAIREUTH, a city in the northeastern part of Bavaria, on the Red Main, 40 miles N. N. E. of Nu- remberg (Lat. Ba-ruthum), celebrated for its associations with the unhappy Wilhel- mina, Margravine of Bayreuth and sister of Frederick the Great, with Jean Paul Frederick Richter, and vith Richard Wagner, who at length found here the opportunity to bring out his operas. Wagner festivals are annual features and are held in the world-famous Wagner theater. It contains many fine structures, and some elegant residences near by. Villa Wahnfried, the former home of Wagner, has spacious grounds, which contain the composer's mausoleum. It has a good and varied manufacturing business. It was nearly destroyed in 1553 by Reuss and suffered greatly in the Thirty Years' War. Pop. about 35,000. BAY RUM, an aromatic, spirituous liquid, used by hair dressers and per- fumers, prepared in the West Jndies by distilling rum in which baj leaves have been steeped. Genuine bay rum is difficult to obtain except through im- porters. BAZA (ba'tha), an old town of Spain, Andalusia, province of Granada, formerly a large and flourishing city. In 1810 the French, under Marshal Soult, here defeated the Spaniards under Generals Blake and Freire. BAZAINE, FRANCOIS ACHILLE (ba-zan), a French military officer, born in Versailles, Feb. 13, 1811. He served in Algeria, in Spain agai ^st the Carlists, in the Crimean War, and joined the Mexican expedition as general of division in 1862, and, in 1864, was made a marshal of France. He commanded the 3d Army Corps in the Franco-Prussian War, when he capitulated at Metz, after a seven weeks' siege, with an army of 175,000 men. For this act he was tried by court-martial in 1871, found guilty of treason, and condemned to death. This sentence was commuted to 20 years' seclusion in the Isle St. Mar- guerite, from which he escaped, and retired to Spain. He died in Madrid, Sept. 28, 1888. His widow, who had clung faithfully to him in his adversity and had plotted successfully for his escape, died in Mexico City, Jan. 8, 1900. BEACH, ALFRED ELY, an Ameri- can publisher and inventor, born in Springfield, Mass., in 1826; son of Moses Yale Beach, editor of the old New York "Sun." In 1846 he established the "Scientific American," in connection with Orson D. Munn. For nearly 50 years
