BOLTON 97 educational period. ^ Citizens evading duties specified by this decree or in any way interfering with its provisions are subject to trial by the revolutionary tribunal." Large sums have been devoted by the Bolshevist Government to spreading propaganda with a view to undermining and overthrowing other governments. They have had paid emissaries at work in Sweden, France, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, Italy, Great Britain, and the United States, as well as in Brazil and Argentina in South America. In many of these countries the Bolshevist agents, when they could be detected, have been arrested and de- ported. They have been dangerously near to success in Hungary, where for a time a Communist regime, modeled closely upon its Russian prototype, held control of the Government; in Germany where the Spartacist outbreaks were largely subsidized by Russian funds, and to a lesser degree in other European countries. In the United States their activities were quelled, temporarily at least, by the rounding*' up and deportation of over two hundred of the most danger- ous agitators. The story of their en- deavors will be narrated at greater length in the articles bearing on the vari- ous countries concerned. It is in the East, however, that the wide spread of Bolshevist doctrines has caused the greatest uneasiness and alarm. The unrest among Mohammedan populations was seized upon by Lenine and his associates as a lever for provok- ing revolution in the East, with the view of ultimately reaching India and over- turning British rule in that country. Starting among the Mohammedan Tatars of Russia itself, the movement spread rapidly to Turkestan, Afghanistan, and Persia, even infecting the new Republics of Georgia and Azerbaidjan, and coming close to the gateway of India. An Afghan mission was sent to Moscow to avow its solidarity with Russia on the principles of Bolshevism. Even in China and Japan Bolshevist emissaries are working with fervor and a degree of suc- cess that threaten the peace and security of those governments, unless effective steps are taken to render the efforts fruitless. BOLTON, or BOLTON-LB-MOOBS, an important English manufacturing town and parliamentary and municipal bor- ough in south Lancashire, on the Croal, 11 miles N. W. of Manchester. The river Croal divides the town into Great and Little Bolton. It was celebrated as far back as the time of Henry VIII. for its BOMB cotton and its woolen manufactures. Emigrants from France and the Palati- nate of the Rhine subsequently intro- duced new branches of manufacture; and the improvements in cotton spinning in the middle of the 18th century rapidly increased the trade of the town. It is the birthplace of the daily evening press, "Bolton Evening News." During the Civil War the Parliament garrisoned Bolton; in 1644 it was stormed by the Earl of Derby. A canal was opened from Manchester to Bolton in 1791. Pop. about 170,000. BOLTON ABBEY, a notable English structure in Yorkshire; in a highly pic- turesque district on the river Wharfe, 6 miles E. of Skipton, and 21 N. W. of Leeds. Founded for Augustinian can- ons about 1150, it has been celebrated by Wordsworth in "The White Doe of Rylstone" and "The Force of Prayer." BOLTON, CHARLES KNOWLES. an American poet and miscellaneous writer, son of Mrs. Sarah Knowles Bol- ton, born in Ohio, in 1867. He is libra- rian of the Boston Athenaeum library. He has written in prose "Gossiping Guide to Harvard," "Saskia, the Wife of Rembrandt," etc.; in verse "The Woo- ing of Martha Pitkin," "Love Story of Ursula Wolcott," etc. BOLTON. SARAH KNOWLES, an American author, born in Farmington, Conn., Sept. 15, 1841. She married Charles E. Bolton, a merchant and phi- lanthropist. She is the author of a num- ber of books, including "Girl Who Be- came Famous" (1886); "Famous Ameri- can Authors" (1887) ; "Famous Ameri- can Statesmen" (1888); "Famous Types of Womanhood" (1892); etc. She died Feb. 2, 1916. BOMA, city and capital of the Kongo Free State, on the right bank of the Kongo river, till 1876 was the extreme inland post of the Dutch and Portu- guese traders. It contains the establish- ment of the governor-general and also the local government of the administra- tive district of the same name. BOMB, in ordnance, the same as a bomb shell; a hollow iron ball, spheroid, or anything similar, filled with gunpow- der, and provided with a timed percus- . sion fuse. It is fired from a mortar or howitzer. Bombs were used at the siege of Naples in 1434. Mortars for throw- ing bombs were first cast in 1543. Modern political upheavals have in- duced a traffic in packages of explo- sives, which have been christened bombs. These terrrfic agents of destruction have been used with murderous effect in the
