BEBNINA BEBNSTORFF Hamlet in Paris. Her most success- ful roles were Theodora, Fedora, La Tosca and Cleopatra. She exhibited at the Paris Salon sculpture and painting and wrote two plays, "L'Aveu" (1888), and "Adrienne Lecouvreur" (1907). She was« made a member of the Legion of Honor in 1916. BERNINA, a mountain of the Rhaetian Alps, 13,290 feet high, in the Swiss can- ton of Grisons, with remarkable and ex- tensive glaciers. Its summit was iirst attained in 1850. The Bernina Pass, which attains an elevation of 7,642 feet, and over which a carriage road was com- pleted in 1864, leads from Pontresina to Poschiavo. BERNOUILLI, or BERNOULLI (ber- no-ye), a family which produced eight distinguished men of science. The fam- ily fled from Antwerp during the Alva administration, going first to Frankfort, and afterward to Basel. 1. James, born in Basel in 1654, became professor of mathematics thei'e 1687, and died 1705. He applied the differential calculus to difficult questions of geometiy and me- chanics; calculated the loxodromic and catenaiy curve, the logarithmic spirals, the evolutes of several curved lines, and discovered the so-called numbers of Ber- nouilli. 2. John, born in Basel, in 1667, wrote with his brother, James, a treatise on the differential calculus; developed the integral calculus, and discovered, in- dependently of Leibnitz, the exponential calculus. In 1694 he became Doctor of Medicine in Basel, and in 1695 went, as Professor of Mathematics, to Groningen. After the death of his brother he re- ceived the professorship of mathematics in Basel, which he held until his death in 1748. 3. Nicholas, nephew of the former, born in Basel in 1687; in 1705 went to Groningen to John Bemouilli, and, returning with him to Basel, became there professor of mathematics. On the recommendation of Leibnitz he went as professor of mathematics to Padua in 1716, but returned to Basel in 1722 as professor of logic, and in 1731 became professor of Roman and feudal law. He died in 1759. The three following were sons of the above mentioned John Ber- nouilli: 4. Nicholas, born in Basel, in 1695, became professor of law there in 1723, and died in St. Petersburg in 1726. B. Daniel, born at Groningen in 1700; studied medicine. At the age of 21 he went to St. Petersburg, returning in 1733 to Basel, where he became professor of anatomy and botany, and in 1750 pro- fessor of natural philosophy. He re- tired in 1777, and died in 1782. 6. John. born in Basel in 1710, went to St. Peters- burg in 1732, became professor of rhet- oric in Basel in 1743, and in 1748 pro- fessor of mathematics. He died in 1790. The two following were his sons: 7. John, licentiate of law and royal as- tronomer in Berlin, born in Basel in 1744. He lived after 1799 in Berlin as Director of the Mathematical Depart- ment of the Academy. He died in 1807. 8. James, born at Basel in 1759; went to St. Petersburg, where he became pro- fessor of mathematics; married a grand- daughter of Euler, and died in 1789 while bathing in the Neva. BERNSTEIN, HERMAN, an author born in Neustadt-Scherwindt, Poland, 1876; came to the United States in 1893. From 1908 to 1912 he traveled in vari- ous countries of Europe as correspond- ent of the New York "Times," securing interviews with notables, especially one with Tolstoi that attracted wide atten- tion. In 1915 he again visited Europe to investigate the condition of the Jev s in the war-stricken countries of eastern Europe. From Russia in 1917 he se- cured the "Willy-Nicky" correspondence between the Kaiser and the Czar. ^ He was editor-in-chief of the "American Hebrew" from 1916. BERNSTORFF, JOHANN HEIN- RICH A., COUNT VON, German diplo- mat; born in London, England, Nov. 14, 1862. His father at the time was the German Ambassador to England. The son received his early education in that country, and became thoroughly familiar with English thought and diplomatic pro- cedure. He entered the German army in the artillery arm in 1881. His diplo- matic career began in 1889, when he was made attache of the German Em- bassy at Constantinople. After a period of service in the Foreign Office at Ber- lin, he was made Secretary of Legation at Belgrade in 1892, at Dresden in 1894, in St. Petersburg, 1896, and in Munich in 1898. Four years later, he was ad- viser to the Embassy in London, and in 1906 was made Consul-General in Egypt. On the 14th of November, 1908, he was appointed Ambassador to the United States, an office which he still held at the outbreak of the World War. From the beginning of the conflict he was active in spreading pro-German propaganda. This, as long as he kept within the lim- its of diplomatic ethics, was permissible. But he far overstepped these bounds and before long the German Embassy at Washington was the center of a web of intrigue and sabotage that spread all over the United States. Mysterious fires broke out in plants that were making munitions for the Allies, bridges were
