BBANDLING 155 BBASIDAS
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below the armpit. BBANDLING, a species of fish, the parr or young of the salmon, so named from its markings being, as it were, branded. The name is also given to a small, red worm used for bait in fresh- water fishing. BRANDT, SEBASTIAN, a German author, born in Strassburg, in 1458 ; stu- died law and the classics at Basel, where he received permission to teach ; and soon became one of the most influential lec- curers. The Emperor Maximilian ap- pointed him an imperial councilor. His fame rests wholly upon "The Ship of Fools," a satire on the follies and vices of the time (1494). Its distinguishing note is its abounding humor ; but it owed its great popular success very largely to the clever woodcuts with which it was illustrated. It was translated into sev- eral European languages. The English translation by Henry Watson appeared in 1517. Brandt died in Strassburg in 1521. BRANDY, a spirit produced by the distillation of both white and red wines, prepared chiefly in the south of France. A brandy highly esteemed is that of Cognac, which is obtained by distilling white wines of the finest quality. An in- ferior kind of spirit is frequently pre- pared from the "marc" of grapes and .the refuse of wine vats. When first dis- tilled it is as colorless as alcohol, and continues so if kept in bottles or jars. When stored in casks, however, it ac- quires from the wood a pale amber tint, and in this state is sold as pale brandy. The dark color of brown brandy is pro- duced artificially, to please the public taste, by means of a solution of caramel. The development of viticulture in the Western States, particularly in Califor- nia, enabled American enterprise to pro- duce a brandy that was a formidable rival to the French article. Genuine brandy consists of alcohol and water, with small quantities of cenanthic ether, acetic ether, and other volatile bodies produced in the process of fermentation. The value of brandy as a medicine de- pends on the presence of these ethers and other volatile products; when, there- iore, it is adulterated with raw grain spirit and water, the amount of these ethers is so reduced that the brandy be- comes almost valueless for medical pur- poses. BRANDYWINE CREEK, in Pennsyl- vania and Delaware, is formed of two forks, the E. and W., which eff'ect a junc- tion in Chester co. of the first named State, and, taking a S. E. course, empties into Christiana creek at Wilmington. Here, Sept. 11, 1777, was fought a severe battle between the British and German troops, 18,000 strong, under Howe, and the Americans numbering 13,000 men, under Washington, in which the latter were defeated. The consequence of this battle was the occupation of Philadel- phia by the British troops. BRANT, JOSEPH, a Mohawk chief, born in Ohio in 1742. He participated in the campaign of 1755, and held tht post of secretary to Col. Johnson, supei - intendent-general of Indian affairs. On the outbreak of the American Revolu- tion, Brant raised an Indian force to op- pose the colonists, and was present at the action of Cherry Valley. He tried to prevent the confederation of the In- dian tribes, previous to Gen. Wayne's expedition, and opposed peace between them and the United States. Brant was, however, a brave and intelligent chief. In 1786 he visited England, there pub- lished the "Book of Common Prayer." and the "Gospel of St. Mark," in Mo- hawk and English, and collected funds for an Anglican Church, the first erected in Canada West. He passed his last years at Burlington Bay, on an estate granted him by the British Government. One of Brant's sons commanded a mixed Canadian and Indian force during the War of 1812. He died in Canada, Nov. 29, 1807. BRANTFORD, a town and port of entry of Brant co., Ontario, Canada; on the Grand river, and the Grand Trunk and the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo railways; 70 miles E. of London. The town is connected with Lake Erie by a canal. There are manufactures of metal and stone ware, machinery, agricultural implements, and other articles, and the town is the trade center of a large agi'i- cultural region. Brantford is the seat of the Ontario Institution for the Edu- cation of the Blind, and has several branch banks, and extensive railroad shops. Pop. (1918) 28,725. BRASENOSE, one of the colleges of Oxford University, founded by William Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Rich- ard Sutton, in 1509. The oi'igin of the name is doubtful, but there is a large nose of brass over the entrance. The college is very rich in endowments. BRASIDAS, a Spartan general, who distinguished himself in the Peloponne- sian War, and, in 426 B. C, made himself master of Amphipolis. He was wounded in a combat with Cleon, the Athenian general, who was endeavoring to retake this place. He died 422 B. C.
