BRETHREN 168 BREVIARY They are alleged to have derived their name from Rom. viii: 2-14. They were treated with great severity both by the Inquisition and by the Hussites. BRETHREN OF THE HOLY TRINITY, a fraternity of monks who lived in the 13th century. BRETHREN OF THE SACK, a fra- ternity of monks who lived in the 13th century. BRETHREN OF THE STRICT OB- SERVANCE, the stricter Franciscans, or Regular Observatines. BRETIGNY (bre-ten-ye) , a village of France, in the department of Eure-et- Loire. By the treaty of Bretigny, May 8, 1360, between Edward III. of Eng- land and John II. of France, the latter, who had been taken prisoner at Poitiers, recovered his liberty on a ransom of 3,000,000 crowns, while Edward re- nounced his claim to the crown of France, and relinquished Anjou and Maine, and the greater part of Nor- mandy, in return for Aquitaine, Gas- cony, Poitou, Saintonge, Perigord, Limousin, etc. BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE (bra- ton'), a French painter, born in Cour- rieres, in 1827; was educated at St. Omer and at Douai, and trained as a painter under Felix Devigne at Ghent, and in Drolling's atelier at Paris. The subjects of his earlier pictures, such as "Misere de Desespoir" (1849), are taken from the French revolutionary period; but he soon turned to the scenes from peasant life which he has treated in a most poetic and suggestive manner, with an admirable union of style with realism. In 1853 he exhibited "Le Re- tour des Moissonneurs," and in 1855 his celebrated "Les Glaneuses." He is rep- resented in the Luxembourg by "La Benediction des Bles" (1857), "Le Rap- pel des Glaneuses" (1859), and "Le Soir" (1861). An author of note, Breton wrote poetry and prose with equal fa- cility. He died July 5, 1906, BRETTEN, a town of Baden, Ger- many, the birthplace of Melanchthon, 16 miles E. N. E. of Karlsruhe by rail. The house in which the Reformer was born belongs now to a foundation bearing his name for the support of poor students, established in 1861. A monument was erected in 1867. BRETTS AND SCOTS, THE LAWS OF THE (Latin, Leges inter Brettos et Scotos), the name given in the 13th century to a code of laws in use among the Celtic tribes in Scotland. BRETWALDA, a title assigned by the Saxon chronicle to those kings of the Heptarchy who extended their govern- ment over the entire nation. The fol- lowing are mentioned by Bede, but Hal- lam and other historians doubt whether any sovereign in those early times pos- sessed such authority: A. D. 492, Ella King of Sussex; 571, Ceawlin, King of Wessex; 594, Ethelbert, King of Kent; 615, Redwald, King of West Angles; 623, Edwin, King of Deira; 634, Oswald, King of Bernicia; 643, Oswy, King of Bernicia. BREVE, in music, a note or charac- ter of time, equal to two semibreves or four minims. It was formerly square in shape, but is now oval. It is the longest note in music. BREVET, an honorary rank in the army. If the individual receiving it is a member of the regular army of the United States, the commission must ema- nate from Congress and pass through the hands of the President and Secretary of War; if he be a member of the national guard of one of the States, he receives his commission from the Governor of the State by virtue of authority vested in that functionary by the laws and Con- stitution of the State. The form of the brevet shows a nominal advancement from a lower to a higher grade; as a Brigadier-General, who becomes a Bre- vet Major-General, or Major-General by brevet. The brevet is granted for a spe- cial service in advance of the officer's regular promotion to the next higher grade, and the officer receiving it is en- titled to ha"e it recognized as a part of his title, as "John Jones, Colonel, and Brevet Brigadier-General." BREVIARY, the book which con- tains prayers or offices to be used at the seven canonical hours of matins, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers, and compline by all in the orders of the Church of Rome, or in the enjoyment of any Roman Catholic benefice. It is not known at what time the use of the breviary was first enjoined, but the early offices were exhaustive from their great length, and under Gregory VII. (1073-1805) their abridgment was considered necessary, hence the origin of the breviary (Latin brevis, short). In 1568, Pius V. pub- lished that which has remained, with few modifications, to the present day. The Roman breviary, however, was never fully accepted by the Galilean Church un- til after the strenuous efforts made by the Ultramontanes from 1840 to 1864. The Psalms occupy a large place in the breviary: passages from the Old and New Testament and from the fathers
