BRONZING 194 BROOKLIME colonies to certain kinds of wild pigeon, on account of the lustrous bronze color with which their wings are variously marked. BRONZING, the process of giAang a bronze-like or antique metallic appear- ance to the surface of metals or plaster casts. The processes vary; they may be classed as coating with a melted alloy; coating with a metal in paste, solution, or vapor; corrosion; coating with a gum, application of bronze powder, and painting. BROOCH, a kind of ornament worn on the dress, to which it is attached by a pin stuck through the fabric. They are usually of gold or silver, often worked in highly artistic patterns and set with precious stones. Brooches are of great antiquity, varied in form as much as in modem times, and were for- merly worn by men as well as women, especially among the Celtic races. BROOKE, SIR JAMES, Rajah of Sarawak, was born in Benares, India, April 29, 1803. In 1838, having gone to Borneo, he assisted the Sultan of Brunei (the nominal ruler of the island) in suppressing a revolt. For his services he was made Rajah and Governor of Sarawak, a district on the N. W. coast of the island, and, being established in the Government, he endeavored to in- duce the Dyak natives to abandon their irregular and piratical mode of life and to turn themselves to agriculture and commerce; and his efforts to introduce civilization were crowned with wonder- ful success. He was made a K. C. B. in 1847, and was appointed Governor of Labuan. He died in Devonshire, Eng- land, June 11, 1868. BROOKE, RUPERT, an English poet and writer. He was born in Rugby in 1877, and was educated at Rugby School and at King's College, Cambridge. For several years he lived in Cambridge and devoted himself chiefly to the writing of poetry. His first volume was published in 1911 and was well received. He showed evidence of unusual talent and was con- sidered one of the leaders of the new school of poetry. At the outbreak of the World War he enlisted, and while engaged in service was taken ill with Wood poisoning. He died on April 23, 1915, on board a French hospital ship. A number of poems inspired by the war exhibit remarkable dramatic powers. His collected poems were published in 1915. Other works are "John Webster and Klizabethan Drama" (1916) ; "Letters from America" (1916); "Lithuania," a drama in one act (1916). BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS, an English Unitarian preacher, born in Donegal in 1832. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He has held important curacies in London, and in 1872 was appointed Chaplain in Ordi- nary to the Queen. He subsequently be- came a Unitarian. He has published "Life and Letters of Frederick W. Rob- ertson," "Theology in the English Poets," "Primer of English Literature," and "The Early Life of Jesus." "Treas- ury of Irish Poetry" (1901); "On ten Plays of Shakespeare" (1905); "On- ward Cry" (1911) ; "Ten More Plays of Shakespeare" (1913). He died in 1916. BROOK FARM ASSOCIATION, a community which originated in 1841, with William Henry Channing, George Ripley, and Sophia, his wife, with whom were united from time to time George William Curtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Theodore Parker, Charles Anderson Dana, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and other personages of a philo- sophic turn of mind. It started as an expression of the transcendentalism then attracting philosophical minds in the region of Boston, and as a suggestion from the Fourier communistic movement in Europe. The dominating idea of the Brook Farm experiment was liberty; it was a practical protest against the long dominant Calvinism. An organization was formed, having those named and others as stockholders, and a farm of 200 acres was purchased in West Rox- bury, 8 miles from Boston, where the Transcendentalists who adopted its main principle carried it into practice by working the land to the best of their ability and knowledge, which, however, were limited. That it ceased to exist, after five or six years, was due to the utterly unpractical natures of those en- gaged in the enterprise, which was final- ly abandoned after having been a finan- cial failure from the beginning. The scheme of the association contemplated utilizing the labor — physically and intel- lectually — of each of its members, at a certain fixed rate, the intention being to dispose of the results of such labor to the outside public, and with such profit that all the delights and adornments of life were to be procurable therefrom, and were to be held in common by the members of the association. The whole undertaking was brought to a collapse by the destruction of the "Phalanstery" at Brook Farm, by fire, on the night of March 3, 1846. BROOKLIME, the English name of a veronica or speedwell, veronica becca- hunga. The flowers are generally bright
