BUG 227 BUILDING AND LOAN ASSN'S which appeared from 1770 to 1783, con- tain the history of birds. The five vol- umes on minerals were published from 1783 to 1788. Of the seven supplemen- tary volumes, of which the last did not appear until after his death in 1788, the fifth formed an independent whole, the most celebrated of all his works. It con- tains his "Epochs of Nature," in which the author gives a second theory of the earth, very different from that which he had traced in the first volumes, though he assumes at the commencement the air of merely defending and developing the former. His works were translated into almost every European language. He died in Paris, April 16, 1788. BUG, the English name of the sub- order heteroptera, one of two ranked under the order hemiptera or rhyncota. Most of the species essentially resemble the bed-bug, except that they have wings. Some suck the blood of animals, and others subsist on vegetable juices. Not a few species are beautiful, but many have the same unpleasant smell which emanates from the bed-bug. The unat- tractive form and manner of life of the bed-bug are too well known to require description. The eggs, which are white, are deposited in the beginning of sum- mer. They are glued to the crevices of bedsteads or furniture, or to the walls of rooms. Before houses existed, the bug probably lived under the bark of trees. BUG, the name of two Russian rivers. The western Bug rises in the Republic of Ukraine, near Lemberg, and after a course of about 470 miles, forming, for the most way, the E. frontier of Poland, it joins the Vistula, near Warsaw. The eastern Bug, the Hypanis of the an- cients, rises in Podolia, Republic of Ukraine, and flows 520 miles S. E. into the estuary of the Dnieper. They both played an important part during the World War, and their banks and the adjoining regions saw much and very heavy fighting. BUGBANE, a name given in this country to cimicifuga, a plant of the or- der ranunculaceee (crowfoots). It is called in England bugwort. BUGENHAGEN, JOHANN (bo'cen- ha'Gen), a German reformer, friend and helper of Luther in preparing his trans- lation of the Bible, born in 1485. He fled from his Catholic superiors to Wit- tenberg, in 1521, where he was made, in 1522, Professor of Theology. He ef- fected the union of the Protestant free cities with the Saxons and introduced into Brunswick, Hamburg, I.ubeck, Pom- erania, Denmark, and many other place*, the Lutheran service and church disci- pline. He translated the Bible into Low German (Liibeck, 1533) ; wrote an "Ex- position of the Book of Psalms" and a "History of Pomerania." He died in 1558. BUGLE (ajuga), a palsearctic genus of labiatae. The common bugle (A. rep- tans) is abundant in moist pastures and woods of Europe. Its flowers are gen- erally blue, but white and purplish varie- ties are sometimes grown in flower bor- ders. A. alpina is one of the beautiful flowers of the Swiss Alps. BUGLE, a treble instrument of brass or copper, differing from the trumpet in having a shorter and more conical tube, with a less expanded bell. It is played with a cupped mouthpiece. In the orig- inal form it is the signal horn for the infantry, as the trumpet is for the cavalry. BUGLOSS, a popular name applied to a number of plants of the natural order boraginese, and in particular to the al- kanet. BUHL, or BOULLE, unburnished gold, brass, or mother of pearl, worked into patterns for ornamenting furniture. Set as an ornament into surfaces of ebony or dark wood, or tortoise shell. BUHB, STONE, a variety of quartz containing many small, empty cells, which give it a peculiar roughness of surface. They are used principally as millstones. The best kinds are creamy white, with a granular and somewhat cellular texture, and are obtained in the Tertiary formation of the Paris basin, and chiefly at La-Ferte-sous-Jouare. They are cut into wedge-shaped parallel- opipeds, called panes, which are bound together with iron hoops to form large millstones. Numerous substitutes for the French buhr stone have been found in the United States, the most important being furnished by the buhr stone rock of the bituminous coal measures of northwestern Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio; but they cannot compete with the French rock. BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIA- TIONS, combinations of individuals, who agree to pay a fixed sum monthly, by which a fund is accumulated which is loaned to members who desire to pur- chase or improve real estate. Their cap- ital stock, which is prospective, is usu- ally divided into shares of a par value of $200 each. Each shareholder pays upon each share he hold.^ a monthly subscrip- tion of $1, till such payments, with ac-
