BUNSEN 238 BUOY woik, "Bible Commentary for the Com- munity," the publication of which was unfinished at his death, Nov. 28, 1860. His "Memoirs," by his widow, were pub- li'-.hed in 1808. BUNS EN, ROBERT WILHELM EBERHARD. a German chemist, born in Gottingen, March 31, 1811. He studied at Gottingen University, and at Paris, Berlin, and Vienna; was appointed pro- fessor at the Polytechnic Institute of Cassel, 1836; at the University of Mar- burg in 1838, at Breslau in 1851, and finally Professor of Experimental Chemistry at Heidelberg in 1852. Among his many discoveries and inven- tions are the production of magnesium in quantities, magnesium light, spectrum analysis, and the electric pile and the burner which bear his name. He died in Heidelberg, Aug. 16, 1899. BUNSEN'S BURNER, a form of gas burner especially adapted for heating, consisting of a tube, in which, by means of holes in the side, the gas becomes mixed with air before consumption, so that it gives a non-luminous smokeless flame. BUNT, the tilletia caries, which at- tack the ears of wheat, completely filling the grains with a black, fetid powder. This powder is a mass of spherical, retic- ulated spores, which, when crushed, give out a most disagreeable smell. It was formerly called uredo foetida, or stinking rust. Bread made from flour containing this fungus has a disagreeable flavor and a dark color. Such flour, however, is said to be sometimes used in the manu- facture of gingerbread, the molasses ef- fectually disguising the flavor. The presence of bunt is readily detected by the microscope. BUNTER SANDSTONE, one of the three great divisions of Triassic for- mation. It is the lowest, i. e., the oldest, of the series. It corresponds to the gres bigarre (variegated freestone or grit) of the French. In the Hartz it is more than 1,000 feet thick; in Cheshire and Lancashire, England, about 600. The footprints of old called chirotherium, now known to be labyrinthodont, are found in the hunter; the plants are chiefly ferns, cycads, and conifers. BUNTING, the popular name of a number of insessorial birds, family cmberizidae, chiefly included in the genus emberiza; such as the English or com- mon bunting; the rice bunting; the Lap- land, snow, black-headed, yellow, cirl, and ortolan buntings. The yellow bunt- ing or yellow hammer (E. citrinella) is one of the most common British birds. The common or corn bunting (E. miliaHa) is also common in cultivated districts. The snow bunting {plectro- phitnes nivalis) is one of the few birds which cheer the solitudes of the Polar regions. BUNTING, a thin woolen stuff, of which the colors and signals of a ship are usually formed; hence a vessel's flags collectively. BUNYAN, JOHN, an English author, born in Elstow, Bedford, in November, 1628. He was the son of a tinker, went to the village school, and at 17 enlisted in the Parliamentary army and sei-ved JOHN BUNYAN during the decisive year of 1645. In 1653 he joined a little community some- times described as a Baptist Church, and preached in the villages near Bedford until imprisoned in the Bedford jail. Here he remained for 12 years, being only released after the Declaration of Indulgence in 1672. The "Pilgrim's Progress" was begun while the author was in prison, and was issued in 1678, a second part appearing in 1684. His other important works are "Grace Abounding," written in prison, and the "Holy War" (1682). Altogether he wrote nearly 60 books. He died in Lon- don, Aug. 31, 1688. BUONAPARTE. See Bonaparte. BUONARROTI, MICHAEL ANGELO. See Angelo. BUOY, any floating body employed to point out the particular situation of a ship's anchor, a shoal, the direction of a navigable channel, etc. They are made
