CABNEGIE ENDOWMENT 358 CARNEGIE INSTITUTE tions were not confined to the United States, for many millions were expended in Great Britain, especially his native Scotland. He wrote several books, of which the best known are: "Round the World" (1884) ; "Triumphant Democ- racy" (1886); "Gospel of Wealth" (1900); "The Empire of Business" (1902) ; and "Problems of To-day" (1908). He died at Lenox, Mass., Aug. 11, 1919. (See titles directly following.) CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, an institu- tion founded and endowed by Andrew Carnegie for promoting peace among the nations of the world. Ten million dol- lars were set aside as an endowment in 1910. Mr. Carnegie had been keenly in- terested in the Hague Tribunal, for which he had offered to provide a build- ing at his own expense. In the deed of gift for the Endowment he told the trustees, Dec. 14, 1910, that the funds "are to be administered by you to hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization." Some of the most distinguished men in the country had been selected as trustees. The outbreak of the World War in 1914 prevented the carrying out of the work of the Endowment. Once the war was on, however, the trustees did not hesitate to advocate the overthrow of Germany. On April 20, 1917, they warmly indorsed the act of the President in declaring war and appropriated half a million dollars for the purpose of re- constructing the devastated homes of Belgium, France, Serbia, and Russia. CARNEGIE FOUNDATION, an in- stitution which aims to help the teaching force in higher institutions of learning by providing allowances on retirement from active service. The full name of the organization is the Carnegie Founda- tion for the Advancement of Teaching. It came into existence April 16, 1905, and $10,000,000 was provided by Mr. Carnegie as funds for the institution. Care was taken that only higher institu- tions of learning should participate in the advantages offered by the fund. The Foundation during the period of its existence has distributed many mil- lions of dollars in pensions. Changes have been made from time to time in the management of the work by the trus- tees, one of these changes involving a certain contribution by the teachers to an insurance and annuity plan. In 1920 the permanent endowment of sixteen and a quarter million dollars had been ap- proximately doubled by the setting aside of one million dollars of accumulated surplus and the receipt of eleven million dollars in new funds to be used in termi- nating the old pension system of the Foundation, and two million dollars for the inauguration of a new plan. Over six and a half million dollars had been distributed to professors and their widows under the old plan, and the Foundation has provided for the dis- tribution of sixty million dollars for the retirement of the six thousand teachers who were in the associated institutions in 1915. CARNEGIE HERO FUND, a fund created by Andrew Carnegie in 1904 to provide rewards for those who perform, deeds of heroism, and in case of their death to provide for their widows and dependents. The endowment of the fund is $5,000,000, the income of which is used for the purpose specified by the donor. The awards are carefully hedged about with provisions to insure that only those receive them who are entitled to do so. The expenditure of the fund is directed by a commission of Mr. Carnegie's own naming. Medals are awarded and grants are made only when the facts concern- ing any alleged acts of heroism are fully attested. The medals are of gold, silver, or bronze, in accordance with the degree of bravery or self-sacrifice shown by the recipient. On each medal is set forth the circumstances under which the heroic act was performed. A recapitula- tion of the work done in connection with the Fund from the date of its establish- ment up to 1920 shows that 1,527 medals had been awarded. Of these, 18 were gold, 456 silver and 1,053 bronze. To heroes and their dependents $1,834,521.97 had been paid. The pensions in force up to Nov. 1, 1919, amounted to $99,300 an- nually. A total of 20,053 cases had been brought to the attention of the Com- mission. Of these 1,527 had been granted, 17,826 had been refused and 700 were pending. In addition to the distinct purpose for which the Fund had been created, $169,462 had been given to suf- ferers from disasters from storm, earth- quake, etc. Since the creation of the American Fund, Mr. Carnegie has estab- lished similar funds in (Jreat Britain and Ireland, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, and Denmark. CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECH- NOLOGY, an institution for scientific education, founded in Pittsburgh, Pa., by Andrew Carnegie, in 1900. It was originally known as the Carnegie Tech- nical Schools, and in 1912 received its present title. Mr. Carnegie originally endowed the institution with $1,000,000, but increased the gifts until they reached a total of $4,000,000 for buildings and $7,000,000 for endowments. The institu-
