CARNOT 360 CAROLINE ISLANDS ras, had to escape to Germany, but re- turned, and was appointed Minister of War by Napoleon (1800). But he re- mained in principle an inflexible Repub- lican, voted against the consulship for life, and protested against Napoleon's assumption of the imperial dignity. For seven years after this Carnot remained in retirement, publishing several valu- able military works. In 1814 Napoleon gave him the chief command at Antwerp, and in 1815 the post of Minister of the Interior. After the Emperor's second fall he retired from France. He died in Magdeburg, Prussia, Aug. 3, 1823. CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI, President of the French Republic, bom in Limoges, Aug. 11, 1837; a grandson of the famous war-minister of the Rev- olution. He was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees, Paris. He was assigned to duty in the engineer corps. During the siege of Paris in 1871 he was made prefect of the Seine-Inferieure and showed great ability. In politics he was an earnest Republican. Elected to the National Assembly in 1871 by the Cote- d'Or, he soon rose to prominence. In 1876 he was chosen secretary of the Chamber of Deputies; in 1878 Secretary of Public Works. He was Minister of Public Works in 1881-1882 and 1886. In December, 1887, on the resignation of M. Grevy he was chosen President. The policy which he announced in his in- augural message, and which was consist- ently and successfully carried out dur- ing his administration, was one of peace with foreign nations, careful develop- ment of the army and navy, and economy in all departments. The support and confidence of the Conservative Republi- cans fortified him against the Socialists, the Anarchists, and the supporters of Boulanger. An attempt to involve his name in the Panama scandal failed ut- terly. While attending an exposition at Lyons, June 24, 1894, he was stabbed by a fanatical Italian Anarchist, and died the next day. CAROL, a song of praise sung at Christmas-tide. It originally meant a song accompanied with dancing, in which sense it is frequently used by the old poets. It appears to have been danced by many performers, by taking hands, forming a ring, and singing as they went round. Bishop Taylor says that the oldest carol was that sung by the heavenly host when the birth of the Saviour was announced to the shepherds on the plains of Bethlehem. It is prob- able that the practice of singing carols at Christmas-tide arose in imitation of this, as the majority of the carols de- clared the good tidings of great joy; and the title of Noels, nowells, or novelles, applied to carols, would seem to bear out this idea. Carol singing is of great an- tiquity among Christian communities, as the carol by Aurelius Prudentius, of the 4th century, will show. CAROLINA MARIE, Queen of Naples; daughter of Francis I. and Maria Theresa of Austria; born Aug. 13, 1752. She married Ferdinand IV. of Naples in 1768. Under her influence Ferdinand declared war against France in 1798. The French advanced upon Naples and she fled with her husband to seek protection at the hands of the Eng- lish. She subsequently returned to Na- ples, but for conspiring against Napo- leon was again driven into exile. She died in Vienna, Sept. 8, 1814. CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZA- BETH, Queen of England; daughter of the Duke of Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel ; born May 17, 1768. In 1795 she was married to her cousin the Prince of Wales, afterward George IV. The mar- riage was not to his liking, and after the birth of the Princess Charlotte he separated from her. Many reports were circulated against her honor, and a min- isterial committee was formed to inquire into her conduct. But the people in gen- eral sympathized with her, regarding her as an ill-treated wife. In 1814 she made a journey through Germany, Italy, Greece, etc., to Jerusalem, in which an Italian, Bergami, was her confidant and attendant. When the Prince of Wales ascended the throne in 1820 he offered her an income of £50,000 on condition that she would never return to England. She refused, and in June of the same year entered London amid public demon- strations of welcome. The government now instituted proceedings against her for adultery, but the public feeling and the splendid defense of Brougham obliged the ministry to give up the di- vorce bill after* it had passed the lords. Though banished from the court, the queen then assumed a style suitable to her rank. She died Aug. 7, 1821. CAROLINE ISLANDS, a group in the western Pacific, Lying between the Mar- shall and Pelew islands, with an area of about 270 square miles, and a popula- tion of some 22,000; but the Pelew (q. V.) group is generally included in the Caroline Archipelago (area, 560 square miles; pop. 36,000), which thus stretches across 32° of Ion. and 9° of lat. There are some 500 small atolls- in the archi- pelago, but three-fourths of both area and population are included in the five volcanic islands of Babelthouap, Yap, I
