CABTHAGE 368 CARUSO bitter factions, and liable to violent popu- lar tumults. After the destruction of Carthage her territory became the Ro- man province of Africa. Twenty-four years after her fall an unsuccessful at- tempt was made to rebuild Carthage by Caius Gracchus. This was finally ac- complished by Augustus, and Roman Carthage became one of the most im- portant cities of the empire. It was taken and destroyed by the Arabs in 638. The religion of the Carthaginians was that of their Phoenician ancestors. They worshipped Moloch or Baal, to whom they offered human sacrifices; Melkart, the patron deity of Tyro; Astarte, the Phoenician Venus, and other deities, which were mostly propitiated by cruel or lascivious rites. CARTHAGE, city and county-seat of Jasper co., Mo., on the St. Louis and San Francisco, and the Missouri Pacific rail- roads, 300 miles S. W. of St. Louis. It is the center of an extensive lead region, and has zinc mines, stone and lime works, flour mills, machine shops and foundries, churches, public library, parks, electric railways and light, National banks, sev- eral daily and weekly newspapers, pub- lic schools, etc. Carthage was the scene of a battle, fought July 5, 1861, between a Federal army under General Sigel, and Confederates under Generals Parsons and Rains, in which the former was de- feated. Pop. (1910) 9,483; (1920) 10,068. CARTHAGE, CAPE, a headland of north Africa, jutting out into the Medi- terranean, in 36° 52' N. lat., 10° 22' E. Ion., with traces of the ancient city of Carthage to the N. of the Tunis lagoon. CARTIER, JACQUES, a French navigator, born in St. Malo, Dec. 31, 1494. He commanded an expedition to North America in 1534, entered the Straits of Belle Isle, and took possession of the mainland of Canada in the name of Francis I. Next year he sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as the present Montreal. He subsequently went to found a settlement in Canada, and built a fort near the site of Quebec. He died about 1554. CARTWRIGHT, JOHN, the "Father of Reform," was born in Marnham, Eng- land, Sept. 17, 1740. At 18 he entered the navy, saw some service under Howe, and in 1766 was gazetted first-lieutenant of the "Guernsey" at the Newfoundland station. He returned in 1770, and was appointed in 1775 major to the Notts mi- litia. He then began to think and write on political questions, and found himself unable to take service under Lord Howe in North America. From the beginning he advocated annual parliaments, vote by ballot, and manhood suffrage, and throughout his busy life he advocated with equal ardor causes so different as reform in farming, abolition of slavery, the foundation of a Valhalla for English seamen, the improvement of national de- fenses, and the liberties of Spain and Greece. Cartwright was fined £100 for sedition in 1820. He died in London, Sept. 23, 1824. CARUS, PAUL, an American journal- ist and philosophical writer; born at Ilsenburg, Germany, July 18, 1852. He was educated at Strassburg and Tubin- gen, but most of his life work was done in Chicago. There he was editor of the "Open Court" and the "Monist." He was a prolific and able writer gn philosophical and religious themes, from' the standpoint of a pronounced freethinker. His pub- lications include "The Soul of Man" (1891), "Monism and Meliorism" (1891), "The Religion of Science" (1893), "God: An Inquiry into Man's Highest Ideals" (1908), "The Mechanistic Theory and the Non-Mechanical" (1913), "Nietzsche and Other Exponents of Individualism" (1914). He died at La Salle, 111.. Feb. 11, 1919. ENRICO CARUSO CARUSO, ENRICO, an Italian op- eratic tenor; born at Naples, Feb. 25, 1873. As a child, his voice attracted at- tention, and when only 11 years old he was singing in a church at Naples. H«
