CASSOWARY 373 CASTILE as commander of his naval forces, ren- dered him important services. After the battle of Pharsalia he was apparently reconciled with Caesar, but later was among the more active of the conspir- ators who assassinated him, 44 B. C. He then, together with Brutus, raised an army, but they were met by Octavianus and Antony at Fhilippi. The wing which Cassius commanded being de- feated, he imagined that all was lost, and killed himself, 42 B. C. CASSOWARY, a bird, the Casuarius galeatus. That called in Banda, Erne or Eume, and hence by the Portuguese Emu. It is nearly as large as an ostrich, being about five feet high. It has on its head a crest helmet, or casque, and pendent caruncles like those of the turkey. In- CASSOWARY stead of having feathers on its wings like the ostrich, it has stumps somewhat resembling pendent hair, and while the ostrich has two toes on the feet, this has three, with a large claw on the inner toe. It is a native of the Indian Archi- pelago, where it feeds on fruits, seeds, and leaves, deposits its eggs in the sand, and runs with great rapidity when pur- sued. CASTAIGNE, ANDRE, a French artist; born at Angouleme, in 1861. He studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. From 1890 to 1895 he resided in the United States, was director of an art school in Baltimore and did a great deal of illustrating for the magazines, attracting attention by the spirit and vividness of his work. In 1904 he pub- lished "Fata Morgana," a novel illus- trated by himself. CASTALIDES, a name given to the Muses. CASTELLAMARE, (kas-tel-a-mar'e) , a fortified Italian seaport in the prov- ince of Naples; on the site of the ancient Stabiae where Pliny was killed. It has a dockyard and hospital, and manufac- tures sail-cloth, leather, linen, and silk. Its castle was built in the 13th century by Emperor Frederick II. It contains a convent founded by Gonsalvo de Cor- dova, which possesses a very celebrated image of the Madonna. In the 15th cen- tury the town was sacked by Pope Pius II., and in the 17th century by the Duke of Guise. Pop. about 35,000. . CASTELNAU, EDOUARD DE CURI- ERES DE, a French military officer born at St. Afrique in 1851. He was studying at the military school at St. Cyr, which he had entered in 1869, when the Franco-Prussian War broke out. He immediately applied for a commission and served through the war, rising to the rank of captain. Later he rose through the various grades of the serv- ice, became general in 1906, and when General Joffre was designated as com- mander-in-chief in case of war (1913), Castelnau became his chief-of-stafF. At the outbreak of the war, he commanded the Army of Lorraine, and was charged with the defense of Nancy. From Sept. 6 to 12, 1914, a tremendous battle raged for the possession of the city, which was regarded as the "Gate to Paris," and the Bavarian army under Crown Prince Rupprecht was defeated. Castelnau was hailed as the "Savior of Nancy." In 1915 he was in charge of the French offensive in the Champagne, and in 1918 when the armistice was signed he was preparing, jointly with General Pershing, for a great attack upon Metz. CASTILE (kas-teF), an ancient king- dom of Spain, the nucleus of the Span- ish monarchy, extends over a large part of the peninsula from the Bay of Biscay southward. It is divided into New Cas- tile and Old Castile. The former (Cas- tilla la Nneva) occupies nearly the center of the peninsula; area, 28,010 square miles. It is traversed from E. to W. by three lofty mountain chains nearly parallel to each other — ^the Sierra Gua- darrama, the mountains of Toledo, and Sierra Molina, and the Sierra Morena. Between these chains, which form the great watersheds of the province, lie two extensive plains or plateaux, almost without wood, and arid and barren in appearance. Dryness, indeed, is the curse of the whole country, and there is a great deficiency of method alike in agriculture and industries. The inhabit- ants are of a grave, manly character, with much of the old Spanish pride and probity, but devoid of enterprise, and content to live on from day to day as
