CH^RONEA 411 CHALCEDON ing Faith"; "The Man Jesus"; "The Faith of Reason"; "Old and New Unita- rian Belief"; "The Power of an Endless Life," and others. He died Dec. 11, 1904. CH.a/IlONEA, a city of Boeotia, in ancient Greece, near the Cephissus, on the borders of Phocis. Philip II., King of Macedon, defeated the united Boeotian and Athenian forces near this place, 338 B. c. ; and here, also, Sylla defeated the generals of Mithridates VI. 86 B. C. Plu- tarch was born here. A few ruins of Chjeronea are still existing. CHAFFEE, ADNA ROMANZA, an American military officer, born in Orwell, O., April 14, 1842. He received a public school education; entered the regular army as a private, July 22, 1861 ; became a captain, Oct. 12, 1867; and colonel, May 8, 1899. On May 4, 1898, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of vol- unteers for the war with Spain ; on July 8, following, was promoted to Major- General; and on April 13, 1899, was hon- orably discharged under this commission. On the last mentioned date he was re- appointed a Brigadier-General of volun- teers, and on July 19, 1900, the Presi- dent, having selected him to command the American military forces in China, com- missioned him a Major-General of vol- unteers. In 1901-1902 General Chaffee was mili- tary governor of the Philippines, in 1902- 1903 commander of the Department of the East, in 1904-1906 Chief of Staff of the United States Army. In the latter year, after 40 years' successful and dis- tinguished service, he was retired with the rank of Lieutenant-General. He died Nov. 1, 1914. CHAFFINCH, a European bird, so called because it delights in chaff, and is by some much admired for its song. This well-known and beautiful bird is locally called spink, beech-finch, pink, twink, skelly, shell-apple, horse-finch, scobby, and shilfa. It is the Fringilla coslehs of ornithologists. It makes a beautiful nest,^ with four or five eggs, bluish-white, tinged with pink and with spots and streaks of purplish red. CHAFIN, EUGENE WILDER, Amer- ican temperance advocate; born in East Troy, Wis., Nov. 1, 1852. He practiced law at Waukesha, Wis., from 1876 to 1900. From 1901 to 1904 he was super- intendent of the Washingtonian Home, Chicago. He was active in the early stages of the Prohibition movement, both as a speaker and an organizer. His prom- inence in the movement led to his selec- tion as candidate for Governor of Wis- consin in 1898. His party chose him as its presidential nominee in 1908 and 1912. He was admitted to the bar of the Su- preme Court in 1909. He became a resi- dent of Arizona in 1909. Among his writ- ings are "Lives pf the Presidents" (1896); "Lincoln, the Man of Sorrows" (1908), and "Washington as a States- man" (1909). CHAGOS ISLANDS (cha'g5s), a group of islands in the Indian Ocean belonging to Great Britain; a S. exten- sion of the Maldive Islands. The larg- est, called Diego Garcia or Great Chagos, 100 miles S. of the main group, is about 15 miles long by 3 broad. They are scantily peopled, and the chief prod- uct is cocoa-nut oil. Administratively they are attached to Mauritius. Area, about 76 square miles. CHAGRES, a town of the Republic ol Panama, on the N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, at the mouth of the Chagres river. It is a poor place, with a harbor, for vessels drawing from 10 to 12 feet of water. The river of the same name rises about 10 miles N. E. of Panama, makes an immense bend round to the N. E., and enters the Caribbean Sea. Though toward its mouth it varies in depth from 16 to 30 feet, it is yet, by reason at once of its rapidity and its falls, but little available for navigation. The route of the Panama Canal is by the valley of the Chagresjfor part of its course. The water of the Chagres is used to operate the locks of the Panama Canal {q.v.) CHAILLE-LONG, CHARLES (sha- ya'lon), an American explorer, born of French parentage, in Baltimore, Md., 1843. After serving in the Confederate army he went to Egypt, where he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by the Khe- dive (1870). Gordon made him chief -of - staff and sent him on a- mission to King Mtesa of Uganda. From 1887 to 1889 he was secretary of legation and consul- general of the United States in Korea. In 1897 he was a member of the Postal Congress and in 1900 of the special com- mission to the Paris Exposition. Ho died in 1917. He wrote: "The Three Prophets" (1886); "Central Africa" (1887) ; "My Life in Four Continents" (1912). CHALCEDON (kal-se'don), a Greek city of ancient Bithynia, opposite Byzan- tium (Constantinople), at the entrance of the Black Sea, about 2 miles S. of the modern Scutari. It was a flourishing town when it came into possession of the Romans, under the testament of Nicomedes, 74 B. c, as included in the kingdom of Bithynia. It was finally de-
