CHAPLAIN 422 CHARCOAL CHAPLAIN, literally a person who is appointed to a chapel, as a clergyman not having a parish or similar charge, but connected with a court, the household of a nobleman, an army, a prison, a ship, or the like. Chaplains in the United States army rank as majors, captains, etc.; in the navy they have the rank of lieutenant, lieutenant-commander, com- mander, captain, according to length of service. CHAPLIN, CHARLES SPENCER, 3 moving-picture comedian, born near London, in 1888. His theatrical career began at the age of 7 years, and he filled many engagements in vaudeville theaters in London. His first success was gained in "A Night in an English Music Hall," in which he toured the United States. His work with moving- pictures began in 1914 and was immedi- ately successful. He became the most popular comedian appearing in the mov- ing-pictures, not only in the United States but throughout the world. CHAPMAN, FRANK MICHLER, an American ornithologist, born at Engle- wood, N. J., in 1864. He received an academic education. From 1887 to 1908 he was assistant curator of ornithology and mammalogy at the American Mu- seum of Natural History, and was full curator from 1908. He carried on many expeditions and explorations in temper- ate and tropical America and was awarded many medals for his work in ornithology. Among his books are "Hand- book of Birds of Eastern North Amer- ica" (1895) ; "Bird Studies with a Camera" (1900) ; "The Economic Value of Birds to the State" (1903) ; "The Travels of Birds" (1916) ; "Our Winter Birds" (1918). He was also a frequent contributor to magazines. CHAPMAN, GEORGE, an English poet, the earliest, and perhaps the best, translator of Homer, born in 1557. He was educated at Oxford, and in 1576 proceeded to London; but little is known of his personal history. His transla- tion of the "Hiad" was published in three separate portions in 1598, 1600, and 1603, In 1614 appeared his translation of the "Odyssey," followed in the same year by that of the "Battle of the Frogs and Mice," and the Homeric hymns. He also translated Hesiod's "Works and Days" and portions of various classic poets. He wrote numerous plays, almost all now forgotten, though containing some fine passages. He died in 1634. CHAPMAN, JOHN JAY, an Amer- ican essayist, born in New York City in 1862. He graduated from Harvard in 1884 and, after studying law, was admit- ted to the bar in 1888, but ceased active practice in 1898. He was the author of many volumes of essays, including "Emerson and Other Essays" (1898) ; "Causes and Consequences" (1898); "Learning and Other Essays" (1911); and "Greek Genius" (1915), etc. He also wrote several plays, a tragedy in verse, and "Songs and Poems" (1919). He edited "The Letters of Victor Chap- man, with Memoirs." His son, Victor, was one of the first American aviators killed in the World War. CHAPMAN, J. WILBUR, an Ameri- can clergyman and evangelist, born in Richmond, Ind., in 1859. He graduated from Lake Forest University in 1879 and from Lane Theological Seminary in 1882. In the latter year he was ordained Presbyterian minister. He served as pastor in Albany, N. Y., and Philadel- phia, and in 1893 began evangelistic work, which he carried on with great activity in all parts of the United States. Among his published writings were "The Lost Crown"; "The Secret of a Happy Day"; "Present-Day Para- bles"; "Chapman's Pocket Sermons," and "When Home Is Heaven." He died in 1918. CHAPULTEPEC, a rocky elevation about 3 miles S. W. of the City of Mex- ico. From this point at an early day water was brought in an aqueduct to the city, but no buildings were placed on it until about 1785, when the Viceroy of Mexico, Galvez, began the erection of a palace in the form of a fort, or castle, and intended for a stronghold as well as a residence. It was left unfinished until after the revolution. When the republic was formed, part of the building was used for a military school and the Na- tional Astronomical Observatory was erected on the hill. During the war with the United States, Gen. Pillow stormed . the castle, Sept. 13, 1847. The Emperor Maximilian made Chapultepec his princi- pal palace, and it is now occupied by the "^ president, the portions used by the school and observatory, however, being still re- served for them. There is a beautiful park surrounding the hill, which is a favorite resort for the residents of the city. CHARCOAL, an impure variety of carbon, prepared from vegetable sub- stances or bones. Wood charcoal con- sists of wood burned with but little ac- cess of air. Billets of wood are built into a heap, which is covered with earth or sand. The heap is fired at openings left near the bottom of the pile, and the gases escape at small openings above.
