CHIGNECTO BAY 459 CHILD LABOB division of the High Court of Justice, and, in the absence of the lord-chancel- lor, president of the High Court, and also, ex officio, one of the judges of the Court of Appeal. The title chief-justice is also generally given in the various British colonies to .the heads of the different judicial establishments, as in Canada, Australia, etc. In Canada there is not only a chief-justice at the head of the Supreme Court of the Dominion, but also chief-justices in the separate prov- inces. CHIGNECTO BAY, an inlet at the head of the Bay of Fundy, in British North America. It separates Nova Sco- tia from New Brunswick, is 30 miles long and 8 broad, and has an isthmus of only 14 miles in width between it and Northumberland strait, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. CHIHUAHUA (che-wha'wha) , the largest State of Mexico; bounded on the N. and N. E. by New Mexico and Texas; area, 90,036 square miles; pop. about 450,000. In the E. is the Bolson de Ma- pimi, a vast desert of sand and alkali plains; in the S. and W. the surface is mountainous, and there are numerous rivers. The State is better adapted for stock-raising than for agriculture; the fertile districts are mainly confined to the valleys and river-courses. Cotton is grown in the S. The silver mines were for centuries among the richest in Mex- ico, and though many are now aban- doned, mining is still the chief industry. The State is traversed by the Mexican Central railway and has also several other railroad lines. The capital. Chi- huahua, 225 miles S. of El Paso, rises like an oasis in the desert, among roses and orange groves. It is well built, with broad, clean streets, an imposing cathe- dral (1717-1789), a mint, and an aque- duct 3 miles long, and is the center of considerable trade with Texas. It is in the center of a rich mining district and has important cotton and woolen mills. Founded about 1700, it had in the 18th century 80,000 inhaljitants. Pop. about 40,000. CHILBLAIN, or FBOSTBITE, a blain or sore on the hands or feet produced by cold, especially if the parts were pre- viously much heated. CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES, an Amer- ican poet and educator; born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 1, 1825. He was professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard from 1851 till 1876, when he exchanged for the chair of English literature. His principal work, "English and Scottish Ballads," a subject on which he was the highest authority in this country, he im- proved and enlarged for publication in 1886. Among his other works are: "Four Old Plays" (1848), and a collec- tion of "Poems of Sorrow and Comfort" (1865). He died in Boston, Sept. 11, 1896. CHILD, LYDIA MARIA, an Ameri- can prose- writer ; born in Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802. Her first novel, "Hobo- mok," was written and published in 1821. She was an ardent abolitionist, and published the first book written on that subject, entitled "Appeal for that class of Americans called African." Among her numerous works are: "Philo- thea," a romance of Greece in the days of Pericles (1835) ; "Looking Toward Sunset" (1864); "Maria: A Romance of the Republic" (1867); and "Aspirations of the World" (1878). She died in Way- land, Mass., Oct. 20, 1880. CHILD, RICHARD WASHBURN, an American lawyer and author; born at Worcester, Mass., in 1881. He studied at Harvard, from which he graduated in 1903, and was admitted to the bar in 1906. During the World War he was an assistant of Frank A. Vanderlip in war finance work at the United States Treasury. In 1919 he joined the editorial staff of "Collier's Weekly." He took an active part in the presidential campaign of 1920 on behalf of Senator Harding. He was a frequent contributor to maga- zines. Among his publications are: "Jim Hands" (1910); "The Man in the Shadow" (1911); "The Blue Wall" (1912); "Bodbank" (1916); etc. CHILDEBERT ^sheld-bar^) , the name of three kings of the Merovingian dynasty, France. The first of this name was the third son of Clovis, and born about A. D. 495. On his father's death, in 511, he succeeded to the kingdom of Paris. Died in 558. Childebert II. was the son of Siegbert and Brunhild, and born about 570. He died in 596. Childe- bert III., surnamed the Just, son of Thierry I., King of the Franks, was born about 683, and died in 711. CHILD LABOR. Efforts to regulate conditions under which children are em- ployed in industrial operations have continued since the great industrial ex- pansion in the United States, following the Civil War. Abuses in the employ- ment of children reached the point where legislation was essential. In 1879 children of 8 to 11 years of age were employed in factories from 11 to 14 hours daily. According to the censu? of 1900, children under 16 formed 13.3 per cent, of all persons engaged in cot ton manufacture in the United States. As a result of legislation, this per-
