CHRISTIAN II. 487 CHRISTIAN CHURCH CHRISTIAN II., the Cruel, succeeded his father, John, in 1513. His cruelties and exactions caused his name to be uni- versally execrated. The nation rallied round Gustavus Vasa, and Christian was compelled to sign his own abdication, 1523. He began wandering over Europe in the hope of enlisting partisans in his cause, but was at last taken prisoner, and thrown into confinement, where he died in 1559. CHRISTIAN III., succeeded his father, Frederick I., and died in 1559. CHRISTIAN IV., succeeded his father, Frederick II., in 1588; spent his life in the German wars, and died in 1648. CHRISTIAN v., succeeded Frederick III. in 1670, and died in 1699, after a long and fruitless war against Sweden. CHRISTIAN VI., succeeded his father, Frederick IV., 1730, and died in 1746. CHRISTIAN VII., succeeded his father, Frederick V., in 1766, and in the same year married Caroline Matilda, sister of George III. of England. The dissipations of his early life had en- feebled his energies and rendered him un- fit for government. The management of the state was, in consequence, seized first by Count Bernstorff and later by Struensee. In 1784, Christian being in- capacitated by mental disease, his son, Frederick VI., came to the head of the government, as joint regent with the queen-mother. Christian died in 1808. CHRISTIAN VIII., Duke of Schles- wig-Holstein and Lauenburg, succeeded Frederick VI. in 1839, as King of Den- mark only, and died in 1848. CHRISTIAN IX., (of Schle&wig- Holstein-Sonderburg-Gliicksburg) ; born in 1818, succeeded Frederick VII. as King of Denmark, in 1863. His second son, George, was, in 1863, elected King of Greece, and of his daughters Alexandra married the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII. of England, and Dagmar the Czarewitch of Russia, later Czar Alexander HI. He died Jan. 29, 1906. CHRISTIAN X., King of Denmark, born at Charlottenlund, Denmark, in 1870, the son of King Frederick VIII. He succeeded his father to the throne of Denmark on the death of the latter in May 14, 1912. In 1898 he married Alex- andrine, Duchess of Mecklenburg. He had two sons, Frederick, the Crown Prince, born in 1899; and Knud, bom in 1900. CHRISTIAN BROTHERS' COLLEGE, a Roman Catholic institution for higher education in St. Louis, Mo., chartered in 1855. It includes collegiate, scientific, commercial, and preparatoi-y depart- ments. The library contains about 20,- 000 volumes. The annual enrollment is about 500. CHRISTIAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, a denominational organization, founded in 1896 by the Rev. John Alexander Dowie, a former Congregational minister in Australia. He attracted a large fol- lowing by preaching faith healing and announcing himself as the reincarnation of the prophet Elijah. He established the center of activities in Zion City, near Chicago, where a large amount of prop- erty was acquired and many institutions and business enterprises were founded. Dowie was successful in securing a large number of believers, until 1903, when he attempted to carry on a missionary cam- paign in New York. This was a failure and the ridicule which followed it led finally to his deposition and death. He was succeeded by W. G. Voliva as Over- seer of the Church. The religious as- pect of the organization decreased, while its industrial development at Zion City continued. Difficulties arose, however, which resulted in financial complications and in 1910 the enterprises of Zion City were sold at auction. The denomination has branches in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, and in various parts of Europe. CHRISTIAN CHURCH, THE, con- sists of those who have been baptized in the name of Christ and who accept his doctrines and live in harmony with them. The Church, in its broadest sense, consists of true believers in all ages; but the Christian Church was establishe<l through the life and work of Christ him- self, and consists only of his followers. Its first great increase was at Pentecost, where 3,000 souls were converted; shortly afterward 5,000 were added to the Church. Stephen was the first to suffer martyrdom. Paul made three great missionary tours, and the result was the organic unity of the Church in its first period. Ancient Period, A. D. 80-750. — The fii'st part of this period was distinguished by great simplicity of doctrine and life, and zeal in extending the kingdom of Christ. Important centers were es- tablished, and the Gospel was largely confined to the middle and lower classes. Controversies arose between the Gentile and Jewish Christians, but not to such an extent as to arrest steady progress. This was the time of great persecutions. There were ten in all, the most serious being under the Emperors Nero, Maxi- niinus, Decius, and Diocletian. The Scriptures were collected into a canon,
