CICERO 500 CIENFUEGOS tinguished orators and took part in their exercises. On his return to Rome his dis- plays of eloquence proved the value of his Grecian instruction, and he became one of the most distinguished orators in the forum. In 75 B. c. he was appointed qurcs- tor of Sicily, and behaved with such justice that the Sicilians gratefully re- membered him and requested that he would conduct their suit against their governor Verres. He appeared against this powerful robber, and the crimes of Verres were painted in the liveliest colors in his immortal speeches. Seven of the Verrine orations are preserved, but only two of them were delivered, and Verres went into voluntary exile. After this suit Cicero was elected to the office of aedile, 70 B. C, became praetor in 67, and consul in 63. It was now that he suc- ceeded in defeating the conspiracy of Catiline (q. v.), after whose fall he re- ceived greater honors than had ever be- fore been bestowed upon a Roman citizen. He was hailed as the savior of the state and the father of his country, and thanks- givings in his name were voted to the gods. But Cicero's fortune had now reached the culminating point, and soon was to decline. The Catilinarian con- spirators who had been executed had not been sentenced according to law, and Cicero, as chief magistrate, was responsi- ble for the irregularity. Publius Clodius, the tribune of the people, raised such a storm against him that he was obliged to go into exile (58 B. C.) On the fall of the Clodian faction he was recalled to Rome, but he never succeeded in regain- ing the influence he had once possessed. In 52 B. c. he became proconsul of Cilicia, a province which he administered with eminent success. As soon as his term of office had expired he returned to Rome (Jan., 49 B. c), which was threatened with serious disturbances owing to the rupture between Caesar and Pompey. He espoused the cause of Pompey, but after the battle of Pharsalia he made his peace with Caesar, with whom he continued to all appearance friendly, and by whom he was kindly treated, until the assassina- tion of the latter (44 B. c). He now hoped to regain his political influence. The conspirators shared with him the honor of an enterprise in which no part had been assigned him; and the less he had contributed to it himself the more anxious was he to justify the deed and pursue the advantages which it of- fered. Antony having taken Caesar's place, Cicero composed those admirable orations against him, delivered in 43 B. c, which are known to us by the name of Philippics (after the speeches of De- mosthenes against Philip of Macedon). His implacable enmity toward Antony in- duced him to favor young Octavianus, who professed to entertain the most friendly feelings toward him. Octavi- anus, however, having possessed himself of the consulate, and formed an alliance with Antony and Lepidus, Cicero was proscribed. In endeavoring to escape from Tusculum, where he was living when the news of the proscription ar- rived, he was overtaken and murdered by a party of soldiers 43 B. c. ; and his head and hands were publicly exhibited in the forum at Rome. Cicero's eloquence has always remained a model. After the revival of learning he was the most admired of the ancient writers; and the purity and elegance of his style will always place him in the first rank of Roman classics. His works, which are very numerous, consist of ora- tions; philosophical, rhetorical, and moral treatises ; and letters to Atticus and other friends. The life of Cicero was written by Plutarch, and there are modern lives by Middleton, Forsyth, and others. CICERONE, a guide to point out ob- jects of interest to strangers. CID CAMPEADOR, THE (real name Don Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar), the national hero of Spain; was born in Burgos about 1040. The facts of his career have been wrapped by his admiring countrymen in such a haze of glorifying myths that it is scarcely possible to detect them. His life, however, appears to have been en- tirely spent in fierce warfare with the Moors, then masters of a great part of Spain. His exploits ai'e set forth in a special chronicle, and in a poem of con- siderable interest, written not long after his death. His last achievement was the capture of Valencia, where he died in 1099. His exploits are celebrated in a Spanish poem supposed to have been pub- lished in the 12th or 13th century, from which Corneille has taken the subject of his masterpiece, "Le Cid." CIDER, a fermented liquor made from the expressed juice of apples. The apples are gi-ound and crushed until they are reduced to a pulp, the juice is allowed to run into casks, where it is freely exposed to the air until fermentation takes place, when a clear liquor of a pale-brown or amber color is the result. Worces- ter, Hereford, and Devon are the great cider-producing counties of England. In France, Germany, and other countries, and particularly in North America, it is also largely made. It contains from 4 or 5 to 10 per cent, of alcohol, and is in- toxicating if drunk in quantities. CIENFUEGOS (the-en-fwa'gos) , a port and city of Cuba, on the S. coast, ,
