contain. The following are the most important: C. flava cortex, yellow cinchona bark, which occurs as quills covered with a brown epidermis, mottled with whitish yellow lichens, and also in flat cinnamon-colored pieces. Yellow bark is rich in quinine. It is derived from C. calisaya, which grows in the peculiar cloudy regions of the Andes. C. pallidæ cortex, pale cinchona bark, from C. condaminea. It occurs always in quills, covered with crustaceous lichens. It contains chiefly cinchonine. C. rubræ cortex, red cinchona bark, the bark of C. succirubra. This species appears to thrive in India. It occurs in flattened rough-fibrous, dark-brown red pieces, which are covered with a brown-red epidermis. It contains about equal quantities of cinchonine and quinine. The yellow bark is used in the form of decoction, extract, infusion, and tincture. The pale bark is contained in tinctura cinchonæ composita and in mixtura ferri aromatica. The cinchona barks contain, besides the alkaloids, also certain acids having astringent properties, and are valuable as tonics in cases of great debility. Cinchona barks rich in quinine generally contain much lime, and their solutions are precipitated by sodium sulphate.
CINCINNATI, a city and county-seat of Hamilton co., O.; the second city in the State in population and the sixteenth in the United States, according to the census of 1920. It is built on the N. shore of the Ohio river, directly opposite Covington, Ky., is known as the “Queen City of the West”; and is connected with the Kentucky shore by five bridges; area, 35% square miles; pop. (1890) 296,908; (1900) 325,902; (1910) 363,463; (1920) 401,247.
Cincinnati occupies two plateaux, 400 by 500 feet above sea-level, surrounded by a semi-circular chain of hills. The surface slopes from the water-front to some points where it reaches an extreme altitude of 900 feet. The highland portions are cut by deep ravines, adding much to the beauty of the city, and commanding interesting views of the surrounding country. The streets in the older portion of the city cross each other at right angles and average 65 feet in width, and those in the modern section are arranged according to the surface conditions. The buildings are mostly of freestone, brick, and bluestone, found within or near the city.
Cincinnati is served by 19 railroads—a greater number than any other city along the Ohio river. It is the northern terminus of the Louisville and Nashville railroad and the Cincinnati Southern railway, now operated as a part of the Southern railway system, and other railroads serving northern territory. It is one of the important junction points of the Baltimore & Ohio, the Chesapeake & Ohio, and other railroads, connecting the South with New York, Philadelphia, and other eastern seaports, and south-eastern seaports. It is also a terminal of the railroads which carry the bulk of the trade from the North Central States to the South. The average daily inbound tonnage in Cincinnati is 105,000 tons, and the average daily outbound is 100,000. 110 inbound freight trains reach the city daily, and 112 leave the city, 154 passenger trains daily reach the city, and 140 leave it. Cincinnati is the only city in the United States owning a steam railroad, the Cincinnati Southern, which is 338 miles long, extending through Kentucky and Tennessee to Chattanooga. It is now operated as a part of the Southern railway system. The Cincinnati Southern brings a large revenue to the city, and provides prompt and adequate service to the entire South. There is one street railway system for the entire city. It has 230 miles of track. The company has about 3,000 employees. The average daily car mileage is 70,000, and approximately 160,000,000 passengers are carried annually.
Cincinnati is the most southern northern city and the most northern southern city in the United States. This combination causes several peculiarities, which give the city a noteworthy individuality. One of the distinctive features of Cincinnati is its origin in a great number of independent communities or villages, each occupying its own hill top or valley, and separated from its neighbors by topographical conditions peculiar to the locality. Several dozen of the former villages are now a part of the city, including Clifton, Mt. Auburn, Walnut Hills, Price Hill, Westwood, Hyde Park, Evanston, Pleasant Ridge, Cumminsville, Brighton, Columbia, and others. An inheritance from this condition of separate communities is the large number—about 40 or more—of local improvement associations which formulate and express public opinion. Cincinnati is distinctly American. In Cincinnati proper the proportion of foreign born to native born is smaller than for any other large American city. Practically 80 per cent. of the population is native born. Cincinnati is also the only large American city in which the percentage of foreign born has tended to decrease. It is a city of beautiful homes and stately buildings. St. Peter's Cathedral is one of the most picturesque and beautiful structures in
