COPAL 141 COPENHAGEN cent. It contains a resin, copaivic acid, and an essential oil, copaiba oil. It dis- solves one-fourth of its weight of magnesia carbonate when heated, and remains transparent; it is said that a small quantity of water contained in the balsam first combines with the magnesia, forming a hydrate which is soluble in the resin. Copaiba acts as a stimulant on the mucous membranes, especially on the genito-urinary organs. COPAL, a resin produced by a plant, Rhus copallinum, which grows in Mexico. It is obtained in rounded, nearly trans- parent, masses; is brittle and colorless, or sligntly yellow. It is slightly soluble in alcohol and essentials oils, and is made into varnish by mixing in a melted state with oils. COPAN, an Indian village in the S. W. corner of the Central American State of Honduras; in a mountainous region; the site of a city still populous at the time of the conquest, and of which mag- nificent ruins still remain ; first described by Stephens. COPE, CHARLES WEST, an English painter; born in 1811; studied at the Royal Academy and in Italy; and first exhibited at the Academy in 1831. In 1843 he gained a prize of $1,500 for his picture The First Trial by Jury"; in 1844, by his fresco the "Meeting of Jacob and Rachael," secured the com- mission for one of six frescoes for the House of Lords, producing accordingly "Edward the Black Prince receiving the Order of the Garter." Altogether he ex- ecuted eight frescoes for the House of Lords. Some of his noted works are: "Last Days of Cardinal Wolsey," "Prince Henry before Justice Gascoigne," "De- parture of the Pilgrim Fathers," "Burial of Charles I.," "Parting of Lord William and Lady Russell," "L'Allegro and II Penseroso," "Milton's Dream," "Ann Page and Slender," "Lear and Cordelia." He became an A. R. A. in 1844 and R. A. in 1848, but retired in 1883. He died in Bournemonco, Aug. 21, 1890. COPECK (a lance), a Russian copper coin, so called from the impression of St. George bearing a lance, the hundredth part of a silver ruble, or about the eightieth pai-t of a paper ruble. COPELAND, CHABLES TOWNSEND, an American aut' r r and educator, born in Calais, Me., iji 1860. He graduated from Harvard University in 1882. From 1893 to 1910 he was lecturer on English literature at Harvard, assistant profes- sor from 1910 to 1917, and associate pro- fessor from 1917. He was Harvard Uni- versity lecturer in the Lowell Institute on the university extension courses in English literature. He was the author of "Life of Edwin Booth" (1901), and edited "Letters of Thomas Carlyle to His Youngest Sister"; "Tennyson's The Princess"; and the works of other Eng- lish poets. COPENHAGEN (Merchants' Haven), the capital of Denmark, and headquar- ters of the national commerce, literature, and art; situated on the shore of the island of Zealand, in the Sound, which is here about 12 miles broad; an outlying portion, Christianshavn, stands at the N. end of the island of Amager or Amak, which is separated from Zealand by a narrow arm cf the sea. The channel forms a fine and capacious harbor, which is bridged over so as to connect Chris- tianshavn and the main part of the city at two points. To counterbalance the expected injury to the city's commerce from the opening of the Baltic Canal, a great free port (free from customs dues) was constructed in 1890-1894 to the N. of the harbor. The business quarter stretches from the harbor in a N. E. direction toward the principal and cen- tral square, Kongens Nytorv, which in itself forms the focus of the life of the city. Farther N. E. of this point lies the aristocratic quarter, with the hand- some Amalienborg Square and its royal and ministerial palaces. Among its few buildings of historical interest or intrinsic beauty, the metro- ?olitan cathedral church, known as Vor 'rue Kirke, possesses a baptismal font, designed and in part executed by Thor- waldsen. Trinitatis Kirke is remarkable for its round tower, which is ascended by a winding causeway instead of steps; and Holmens' Kirke contains interesting monuments to the great naval heroes, Juel and Tordenskjold. The royal palace, called Christiansborg, was rebuilt be- tween 1794 and 1828. The principal part of the vast building was destroyed by fire in 1884. Happily most of the pic- tures in its great art gallery were saved. The castle of Rosenborg (1610-1624), where the regalia are kept, contains in- teresting art objects; and the palace of Charlottenborg (1624), is now used as an academy of arts. The university was founded by Christian I. in 1479. Con- nected with the university are a surgical academy, an observatory, a botanical garden, a zoological museum, a polytech- nic institution, and a library of 250,000 volumes, containing also a great collec- tion of ancient Persian MSS., and an- other of ancient Northern MSS. Copen- hagen is the center, not only of Danish, but Northern literature and art, and is the seat of a number of societies, among 10 — Vol. Ill — Cyc
